Powers and Borders SG4 Flashcards
What happens in December 2001 in Afghanistan?
UN established ISAF and became directly involved with the US invasion of Afghanistan after 9/11
What does ISAF stand for?
International Security Assistance Force
What happened in 2004 in Afghanistan?
First democratic elections held and installed Hamid Karzai as first elected president
What happened from August 2003 - December 2014?
NATO takes over the running of Afghanistan military operations from UN
What happened from January 1st 2015?
NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan, but 10,000 troops remain to train, advise and assist ANSF
What does ANSF stand for?
Afghan National Security Forces
What has been happening from 2003 to present day?
Taliban insurgency
Define Insurgency
Organised rebellion fighting a guerrilla war, trying to overthrow the government
What are three challenges to state sovereignty?
Intervention from other countries, NATO taking over Afghan military, Taliban insurgency
Define Durand Line
The 2,430km international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan
What is the Durand Line an example of?
A porous border
When was the Durand Line created?
In the 19th Century by the British
What has the Durand Line done to Pashtun ethnic groups?
Sliced them in two, but they still see themselves as one community so ignore the border
What is a large section of the Durand Line a divide between?
Afghanistan and FATA
What does FATA stand for?
Federally Administered Tribal Area
How many ethnically Pashtun Muslims live in FATA?
3 million
Despite having parliamentary in Pakistan, what doesn’t cover the FATA region?
The Jurisdiction of the Supreme and High Courts
Why has the FATA region become a Taliban stronghold?
The very traditional Islamic views held by tribal elders and the porous border allowed the Taliban to cross over when the UN entered Afghanistan
Where is the FATA region?
North Pakistan
What was the main aim of ISAF?
Increasing security in and around the capital of Kabul
Who was involved with ISAF?
Between 2011 and 2012 ISAF had >130,000 troops from 51 NATO members
How did ISAF help to resolve sovereignty issues?
ISAF supported the electoral process in 2004, allowing Hamid Karzai to become president
How many people were killed in Afghanistan in 2018?
2,500
What are people in Afghanistan today poorer than?
People in the 1950s
How long has it been since Afghanistan has known peace?
40 years
How many Afghans have been killed in the conflict altogether?
111,000
How many Afghan civilians have been injured in the conflict altogether?
30,000
How many Afghan refugees were there by the end of 2001?
6 million
What are the two main countries Afghan refugees went to?
Pakistan and Iran
What was the Kacha Garhi refugee camp originally set up for?
70,000 Afghan refugees in 1980 due to the Soviet-Afghan war
What did the UNHCR and NGOs provide at the Kacha Garhi camp?
Humanitarian aid e.g. tents, food, water, medicine
When was the Kacha Garhi camp closed?
2007
What are three examples of typical support provided to refugees?
Landmine awareness training, Shelter, Vaccinations
Who are the NGO known as Caritas?
A relief arm of the Catholic Church running extensive poverty relief projects in Lahore, Pakistan
What was the collaboration between UNHCR and Caritas trying to achieve?
Helping Afghan families in Lahore, Pakistan to repatriate back to Afghanistan
Was the collaboration between UNHCR and Caritas a success?
2,000 Afghans identified by Caritas in Lahore have been repatriated, in total 8,000 families have been identified in Lahore
Why did the UNHCR and Caritas work together?
Caritas had local knowledge of where the Afghan communities were in Lahore, which was unknown by UNHCR
What are four interventions by UNHCR aimed at meeting the immediate needs of the returning refugees?
Encashment centres, Education, Shelter kits, Mini HEP schemes
How many refugee children living in refugee villages in Pakistan are provided with access to primary education?
57,000
In 2018, how many Afghan refugees were on a DAFI scholarship allowing them to study at a Pakistan university?
400
How many refugees have returned to Afghanistan since 2002?
5 million
What % has the population of Afghanistan increased by due to the repatriation of refugees?
20%
What are three examples of community projects supported by AfghanAid?
Bee keeping, Farming, Sewing
Why is AfghanAid an example of a bottom up approach, rather than a top down approach?
Set up forums and village councils where men and women can make decisions on what they need and what needs to be done - more sustainable as they don’t feel dictated
Why are the projects by AfghanAid also an example of appropriate technology?
Low cost, simple to use, affordable
What is a drawback for AfghanAid?
They have only been able to help rural areas which are safe for NGO workers to go to
Define Local Community
Referring to the people on the ground who are impacted by the conflict
How would Afghan citizen react to the removal of the Taliban from power?
Return home, Increased freedom of speech, Removal of restrictions
How would refugees feel following their arrival in camps organised by UNHCR?
Feel sceptical, Safe, Potential strain on resources/water supply
What is an impact of the removal of the Taliban on farmers?
Not allowed to farm opium anymore, so not making as much money
What % of the country believes it is heading in the right direction?
70%
How many businesses have opened since 2003 and how many jobs has it created?
350 businesses creating 50,000 jobs
What was the life expectancy in 2001 and 2016?
2001 = 39 2016 = 51.3
What was the infant mortality rate in 2001 and 2016?
2001 = 160/1000 2016 = 112/1000
What % of children were employed in primary school in 2001 and 2016?
2001 = 21% 2016 = 97%
What is the literacy rate % for men/women in 2001 and 2016?
2001 = 47/12 2016 = 52/24
How many refugees/IDPs were there in 2001 and 2016?
2001 = 6 million 2016 = 1.1 million
What % of the population is unemployed?
40%
What % of the population is under the poverty line?
55%
What % of the land is cultivated?
6%
