Hazardous Earth SG4 Flashcards
What is Japan’s HDI?
0.9 - Rank 17
What is Haiti’s HDI?
0.4 - Rank 163
What is Japan’s GDP?
$41,300
What is Haiti’s GDP?
$1,800
What is Japan’s population density?
334.62 people per square kilometre
What is Haiti’s population density?
415 people per square kilometre
When was the Tohoku earthquake?
Friday 11th March 2011, 14:46pm
What magnitude was the Tohoku earthquake?
Magnitude 9
Why is the Tohoku earthquake event referred to as a ‘triple disaster’?
The earthquake triggered a tsunami and a nuclear disaster
What plate boundary was the Tohoku earthquake on?
Convergent (oceanic/oceanic)
What plates were involved at the Tohoku earthquake?
Pacific subducted under the North American
How long was the fault line that ruptured and created the Tohoku earthquake?
10 miles
How much was the sea bed raised by at the Tohoku earthquake?
16m
How many earthquakes has there been in Japan since 2000?
23 earthquakes of 7.0Mw causing nearly 16,000 deaths
Where was the Tohoku earthquake epicentre?
80 miles off the coast of Sendai
How long after the Tohoku earthquake did the tsunami hit?
8 minutes
How long was the shaking of the Tohoku earthquake?
5 minutes?
How many people were evacuated due to the Fukushima Power Plant explosion?
100,000 people in a 12 mile radius
How many people were killed due to the Tohoku earthquake?
20,000 deaths - 2/3 over 60 years old
How many people were made homeless due to the Tohoku earthquake?
1/2 million
What was the cost of damage of the Tohoku earthquake?
$181 billion
How deep was the focus of the Tohoku earthquake?
24km
What does HERP stand for?
Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion
What is HERPs main objective?
To promote research of earthquakes in order to strengthen earthquake disaster prevention measures`
What law does HERP work to enforce?
Special Measure Law on Earthquake Disaster Prevention
What are three ways Japan could have used to forecast an earthquake?
Changes in ground levels, Detailed measurements of gases, Changes in water levels in wells
Define Seismic Gap Theory
A segment of an active fault which has not ruptured recently (a seismic gap) has the greatest chance of rupturing in the future relative to other segments which have experienced large earthquakes
When was Japan’s Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system launched?
2007
What early warning system does Japan use?
A P-wave system which includes >1,000 seismometers and a network of intensity metres
What does Japan’s early warning P-wave system calculate?
The earthquakes epicentre location and magnitude, as well as predicting the damage radius and maximum expected seismic intensities at each affected region
What does the Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) do?
Bottom pressure sensors on buoys constantly measure the pressure of the overlying water column
What will the JMA (Japanese Meteorological Agency) do if two or more P-waves are detected on two or more seismographs?
Immediately analyse the readings and (before the arrival of the S-waves) distribute warning information to advanced users e.g. broadcasting and phone companies, enabling people to follow evacuation routes
What else happens in Japan as part of their EEW system?
The Shinkansen Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System (UrEDAS) to prevent the destruction of the bullet train, Smart meters to turn off gas and electricity
What % of Tokyo’s buildings are built to withstand earthquakes?
87%
What 4 techniques of aseismic design Japan uses?
Base isolation, Dampeners, Cross-bracing, Building counterweights
What % of buildings fitted with base isolation suffered no damage from the Tohoku earthquake?
70%
What are the examples of aseismic design in Japan?
Tokyo Skytree (Dampeners) and the Shinjuku Building, Tokyo (Building Counterweights)
When is Japan’s Disaster Prevention Day?
1st September every year
When was the Haiti earthquake?
Tuesday 12th January 2010, 16:53pm
What magnitude was the Haiti earthquake?
Magnitude 7
What plate boundary is nearest to Haiti?
Conservative
What fault did the Haiti earthquake occur on?
Enriquillo Fault - a strike slip
What plates were involved at the Haiti earthquake?
Caribbean and North American
How long had the Enriquillo Fault been locked before releasing as the Haiti earthquake?
250 years
How much land movement was caused by the Haiti earthquake?
1.8m
How deep was the focus of the Haiti earthquake?
13km
Where was the Haiti earthquake epicentre?
25km SW of Port-au-Prince
How long was the shaking of the Haiti earthquake?
1 minute
How many people were killed due to the Haiti earthquake?
230,000 deaths - majority <15 years old
How many people were made homeless due to the Haiti earthquake?
1.5 million
What was the cost of damage of the Haiti earthquake?
$8 billion
What % of buildings were destroyed in Port-au-Prince?
90%
How many inmates escaped from a damaged prison in Haiti?
4,000
What % of schools were destroyed in Haiti?
80%
What appropriate technology has Haiti used to reduce vulnerability in the future?
Replaced roofs with sheet metal which is cheaper and lighter, Small windows reduce weak points in walls,
What does UNOPS stand for?
United Nations Office for Project Services
What reconstruction project did UNOPS support in Haiti?
16/6
What does the UNOPS 16/6 reconstruction project involve in Port-au-Prince?
The 16 Neighbourhoods/Six Camps (16/6) project was launched in 2011 to shut down 6 of the camps for IDPs and resettle them into 16 newly built neighbourhoods
What disease outbreak occurred in Haiti after the earthquake?
Cholera
Who is thought to be responsible for the cholera outbreak in Haiti?
The UN peacekeepers from Nepal
How many deaths resulted from the cholera outbreak in Haiti?
6,900 - 8,000
