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GLE 2024 (Day 3) > SOURCE ROCK > Flashcards

SOURCE ROCK Flashcards

1
Q

Best Source rocks

A

Black-Colored shales deposited in quiet marie, Oxygen depleted environment

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2
Q

The amount of Organic Carbon in a geologic formation particularly in a source rock for petroleum

A

Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

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3
Q

<0.5%

A

Lean to Poor

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4
Q

0.5-1%

A

Fair Source Rock

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5
Q

1-2%

A

Moderate Source Rock

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6
Q

2-5%

A

Good Source Rock

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7
Q

> 5%

A

Excellent Source Rock

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8
Q

Used to measure TOC?

A

Pyrolysis

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9
Q

Ave TOC of shale?

A

2.20%

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10
Q

Ave TOC of Calcerous Shae?

A

1.90%

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11
Q

Ave TOC of Carbonates?

A

0.70%

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12
Q

Ave TOC for Immature Coal?

A

60-62%

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13
Q

Ave TOC for Partly Mature Coal

A

70%

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14
Q

Ave TOC for Mature Coal?

A

80%

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15
Q

Ave TOC for Anthracie?

A

90%

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16
Q

The minimum temperature at which oil is generated under typical sed conditions

A

65 deg cel

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17
Q

The deep part of the basins where organic matter is cooked to form gas and oil

A

Kitchen

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18
Q

The zone in the crust where oil is generated

A

Oil window (7-18Km)

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19
Q

Oil window temp

A

65-150 deg cel (2-4 km)

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20
Q

Gas Window Temp

A

100-220 km (4-6km)

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21
Q

API Gravity of Normal Oil

A

30-40

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22
Q

API Gravity of Heavy Oil

A

20

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23
Q

API of Palawan Oil from Galoc

A

Light and Sweet Crude

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24
Q

Worldwide benchmark for Crude Oil

A

Brent Blend (North Sea)

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25
Q

USA Benchmark for Crude Oil

A

Western Texas Intermediate

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26
Q

Asian Benchmark for Crude Oil

A

Dubai Oil

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27
Q

The lowest temperature at which the oil will still pour before it solidifies

A

Pour Point (+52 to -59 deg cel)

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28
Q

The temperatuer at which oil first appears cloudy as wax forms when temp is lowered

A

Cloud point

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29
Q

What is cloud point temp

A

(1-3 deg cel above pour point)

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30
Q

Color of Very Waxy crude oil

A

Yellow

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31
Q

Low or No Wax Crude Oil

A

Black

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32
Q

Fluorescence Emission of hEavy Oil

A

Red

33
Q

Fluorescence Emission of Lgiht Oil

A

Blue

34
Q

Volume of Gas units

A

Cubic Feet or cubic Meters

35
Q

Standard Cubic Feet (scf)

A

15 Deg cel, 101.325 kPa

36
Q

Units for heat content

A

Britisth Termal Unit = 1 Kilojoule (metric)

37
Q

How much of the carbon occurs as Organic Carbon in coal, oil, and gas?

A

18%

38
Q

Pure Methane Gas

A

Swamp or Marsh Gas

39
Q

Most common natural gas

A

Methane Gas

40
Q

Natural Gas Composition

A

Methan 70-98%
Ethane 1-10%
Propane Traces to 5%
Butane Traces to 2%

41
Q

LPG is made from what type of gas

A

Propane

42
Q

Conversion of inogranic carbon to hydrocarbon

A

Photosynthesis

43
Q

Highest amount of productivity in the water column

A

Shallow Photic Zones

44
Q

Strtaification in Freshwater lakes

A

Thermally Induced Stratification

45
Q

Stratification in Barred Bains

A

Salinity Induced Stratification

46
Q

Settings of formation for ORGANIC RICH SEDS

A

1) Freshwater Lakes
2) Barred Basins (Lagoons)
3) Continental Shelf with Upwelling
4) Anoxic Ocean Basins

47
Q

85% of the World’s Oil is sourced from rocks with these ages which is believed to be times of GLOBAL ANOXIC EVENTS

A

L.Jurassic to E. Cretaceous

48
Q

Shallow or subsurface w/ Near normal T and P
Biogenic decay and abiogenic reaction
Kerogen is formed
Reduction of Oxygen
Hydrocarbon:Carbon unaltered

A

Diagenesis

49
Q

Hydrogen:carbon ratio declines
Petroleum is released in Kerogen

A

Catagenesis

50
Q

Methane are expelled
Only Carbon is left to form graphite

A

Metagenesis

51
Q

Usual minimum TOC duing the exlopration for Source Rock

A

1500 ppm

52
Q

Kerogen maturity is a function of

A

Temperature and Time

53
Q

At what temperature is gas destroyed?

A

above 220 deg cel

54
Q

Can measure the MAXIMUM TEMP to which a source rocks was ever subjected

A

Paleothermometers

55
Q

Oldest and most fundamental of maturaction indices and is done by comparing TOC in the sample with the residual cabon after pyrolysis to 900 deg cel and CrCt Increases with Maturity

A

Carbon Ratio Methods

56
Q

Method baed on the fact that the atomic fraction of kerogen contain free ELECTRONS whose number and distribution are realted to the number of BENZENE RINGS

A

Electron Spin Resonance

57
Q

Heating of kerogen or source rock developed to produce petroleum for from oil this is carried out by flame ionizing detector, the expeleed gas then is measured by the said instrument upon heating of the sample.

A

Pyrolysis

58
Q

Ratio of the Total amount of petroleum generated with total amount of capable of peing produced which inceases as the source rock matures

A

Transformation Ratio
Production Index (PI)

59
Q

A method that is used to study the distribution of ALKANES with increasing temp and depth

A

Gas Chromatography

60
Q

as the source rock matures, the whale back pattern

A

submerges and form a singe peaky mode

61
Q

An inorganic Paleothermomethe that includes the study of newly deposited clay

A

Clay Mineral Analysis

62
Q

What implies maturation of kerogen in Clay Mineral Analysis

A

Kaolin and Illite Recrystallizes to Mica

63
Q

Method used by hard rock geologists interested in finding the temperature of formation of crystalline mienrals

A

Fluid Inclusions

64
Q

Used the color of spores and pollen to determine Kerogen Thermal Maturation

A

Pollen Coloration

65
Q

Pattern of Pollen color as they are gradually heated

A

Yellow (Immature)
Orange (Submature - Start of Oil)
Brown (Mature - End of Oil)
Drk Brwon (Dry Gas)
Black (Barren)

66
Q

scale used in Pollen Coloration

A

Color Index of Bernard
Thermal Alteration Index of Stapin

67
Q

Used to assess the rank of coal by depeding on the shininess of Coal which increases with rank

A

Virtinite Reflectace

68
Q

In vitrinie reflectance how is kerogen separated from the sample

A

With Hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acids

69
Q

What type of Miscrocope is used to measure the degree of reflectivity?

A

Reflecting-Light Microscrope

70
Q

Virtrinite reflectance of Oil generation

A

0.6-1.5 Ro

71
Q

Vitrinite Reflectance of Gas Generation

A

1.5-3.0 Ro

72
Q

Graphitic and ovemmature sample

A

> 3.0 Ro

73
Q

Hydrocarbons in Transitional phase before becoming crude oil which is soluble in water

A

Protopetroleum

74
Q

A theory which states that Oil migrates fully formed yet dissolved in water which is enhanced by the presence of gas

A

Hot Oil Theory

75
Q

A theory of migration which states that hydrocarbons in water may be enhanced by the presence of micelles

A

Micelle Theory

76
Q

Colloidal organic acid soaps whose molecules have hydrophobic and hydrophyllic ends

A

Micelles

77
Q

A theory of Petroleum migration which states that presnce of CO2 enhances viscosity of oil making it lighter to move

A

Solution Oil in Gas

78
Q

A theory of petroleum migration which states that oil migrates as a continuous 3D phase

A

Greasy Wick Theory

GLE 2024 (Day 3) (48 decks)

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