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GLE 2024 (Day 3) > GEOTHERMAL ENERGY > Flashcards

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Flashcards

1
Q

Geo - Earth, Thermal - Heat

A

Natural Heat of the Earth

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2
Q

Source of Heat

A

?Heat flows outwar from Earth’s Interior
?the crust insulates us from the interior Hear
?Mantle is Semi Molten
?Outer Core is liquid and Inner Core is Solid

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3
Q

Regions where geothermal system is situated

A

Volcanic Regions

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4
Q

Heat source

A

Magma intruded to shallow levels (<6 KM) in the crust in the Recent Past (<100K years)

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5
Q

Reservoir Characteristics

A

?Fractured Rocks (3-10km)
?Permeable and Porous
?Needs water to sustain Convection and ?Produce Steam

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6
Q

Seal / Cap Rock

A

Impermeabl or Semi-Permeable

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7
Q

Elemets of a Geothermal System

A

1) Water - Sufficient to effect Convection needs recharge
2) Cap Rock - Impermeable Rock Formation
3) Reservoir - Permeable and Porous Rocks neutral kasi nagreact na sa wall rocks, if directly above the magma acidic
4) Heat Source - Shallow levels (<6km) in the recent (<100,000 yrs) past

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8
Q

Geysers

A

Alternating eruption and quiessence of Water due to heating and pressure

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9
Q

Silica Sinter Terrace

A

Form in neutral areas, deposits from the boiling water, mountains of silica terraces
Blue Water - Neutral

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10
Q

Fumaroles

A

Steam Vents

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11
Q

Hot Spring

A

Hot Boiling Waters

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12
Q

Thermal Area/ Steaming Ground

A

May usok lang

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13
Q

Mud Pool

A

bubbling of mud

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14
Q

Algal Mat

A

Emerald Green Waters due to algae with Gold at the side due to oxidation

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15
Q

Travertine

A

Form if limestone deposited by Mineral Springs
Edge of the reservoir

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16
Q

Hot pool

A

Blue water due to nuetrality

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17
Q

Solfatara

A

Steam Vents with significant Sulfur Deposition fumarole rich in Sulfur

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18
Q

Saffioni

A

Fumaroles with high Boric Acid

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19
Q

Kaipohan

A

Cold Gas emission w/ intense argillic alteration
?A place in Valencia Negros Oriental
?Trees are dead

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20
Q

Enthalpy

A

Total Heat content of a system

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21
Q

Critical Pt of Water

A

374 deg C

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22
Q

Classes of Geothermal Systems are based on

A

Entalphy (Heat Content) and
Pressure

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23
Q

Classes 1 -4

A

Low Entalphy
All Liquids

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24
Q

Class 5-6

A

Twophased
High Entalphy

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25
Class
Reservoir Temp
26
Non Electrical Grade
<100 deg cel
27
Very Low Temp
100-150 deg cel
28
Low Temp
150-190 deg cel
29
Moderate Temp
190-230 ded cel
30
High Temp
230-300 deg cel
31
Very High Temp
>300 deg cel
32
Steam Field
240 deg C
33
Usual Geothermal Fields in the Philippines
High Class 5
34
Highest Temp Geothermal observed
S.Vito (Campi Flegrei Campania) (400 deg)
35
Steam or Dry Geothermal
Larderello M.Amiata (Italy) Geysers California , Matsukawa Japan Kawah Kamojan Indonesia
36
Very First Geothermal installed
Itality Larderello 1904
37
What pushed countries to use geothermal?
1973 Oil Crisis
38
As of 2017, how many countries use Geothermal?
24
39
Top 3 Countries in terms of installed capacity as of 2019
1) US 2) Indonesia 3) Philippines
40
1 Gigawat Country Club
1) US 2) Indonesia 3) Philippines 4) turkey 5) New Zealand
41
Largest Geothermal Fields
The Geysers, USA Leyte/Tongonan PH Cerro Prieto Mex Larderello ITA Mak-Ban Phi 458 Mw Salak-Awibengkok INA Darajat, INA Salton Sea USA Tiwi, PHI Coso, USA Wairakei, NZ
42
First Well in Tinglayan, Kalinga
Drilled by Apec
43
Father of Philippine Geothermal
Dr. Arturo P. Alacaraz
44
Date when a electric bulb was lit up by geothermal energy for the first time through a working model set up by Dr. Alcaraz 400 Feet into a ground 2.5 KW turbo Generator
April 12, 1967
45
Where is the first Geothermal PP discovered
Cale, Tiwi Albay
46
Philippine Geothermal Law
RA 5092 Geothermal Law (1967)
47
First commercial Geothermal production
1972
48
when was PNOC established?
1973
49
Tiwi and MakBan (first 110 MW)
1979
50
?Tonongonon Leyte, ?Palinpinon Valencia Negro OR
1983
51
BacMan Sorsogon
1993
52
Build Operate Transfer (BOT) Law
1990
53
Mahanagdong, Leyte Mt.Apo
1996-1999
54
RA 9136 EPIRA Law
2001
55
Northern Negros (Decommisioned)
2006
56
reached 1,970 MW
2007
57
RA 9513 RE Law
2008
58
Maibarara, Sto.Tomas, Batangas
2014
59
Total Installed Capacity
1937.56 MW
60
MakBan, Laguna
458.53 MW
61
Maibarara, Sto.Tomas Batangas
32 MW
62
Tiwi, Albay
234 MW
63
BacMan, Sorsogon
140 MW
64
Leyte (Mahanagdong, Tongonan)
722.68 MW
65
Nasulo, Negros Oriental
49.37 MW
66
Palinpinon, Valencia, Negros Oriental
192.5 MW
67
Mt. Apo
108.48 MW
68
Govt Agency in charge of processing, evaluating, approving all RE Concession Areas Issue RE Contracts
Department of Energy REMB
69
Provisions of RE Contracts
?Term: 25 years renewable for another 25 ?Major obligations: 1) Comply with the work program 2) Deliver Financial commitment such as Govt Share and Taxes 3) Comply with applicable laws affecting the stakeholders
70
RE Provides Fiscal and Non Fiscal Incentive
1) Processing support 2) Accesss to all sites/areas needed for exploration 3) Assistance in securing needed permits 4) Exclusive Rights to Conduct RE-related operation w/in the concession
71
Why is FTAA applicable to Geothermal?
Because RA 9513 defines Geothermal as Mienral Resources
72
Prospects AREAS for Low Enthalphy Geothermal
1) Banton Is, Romblon 2) Balut Is,Davao del Sur 3) Maricaban Is., Batangas
73
Coal
44.50%
74
Nat Gas
22.90%
75
Geothermal
13.40%
76
Hydro
10.50%
77
Oil
7.10%
78
Wind
0.90%
79
Biomass
0.40%
80
Solar
0.20%
81
Stages
1. Surface Reconnaissance 2. Exploration Drilling 3. Production Drilling 4. SAGS+Pplant 5. Operation + Maintenance
82
Upstream
Resource Development
83
Downstream
Plant Construction/Operations
84
Risk
Decraeasing as Project Progresses
85
Cost
Increasing Cost and Bankability
86
Surface Studies
?Gathering Local Knowledhe ?Lithology, structures ?Locating Known Active Geothermal Surface features ?Overall Surface geology
87
Geochemical Surfveung
?Geothermometry ?Electrical Conductivity ?pH ?Flow rate of fluids from active features ?Soil Sampling
88
Geophysical Surveying
?Gravity ?Electrical Resistiviy ?Magnetotellurics ?Temp gradient Drilling Borehole ?2D and 3D Seismics
89
Alterations in a Geothermal Field from top to bottom
Unaltered Zeolite-Smectite Zone Argillic Zone (Clayey) Propylitic Zone
90
Size
~10 kg of Steam to produce 1 unit (Kwh) Great Volumes of Fluid at hight tempures or a reservoir that can be recharged with fluids that are heated by contact with water
91
Host Rocks
Limestone-Shale Volcanic Rocks-Granite Volcanic Rocs-mot common single rock type in which reservoirs occur
92
High Heat Flow
Fracturing must exist and presernce of high heat flow ( geothermal gradients in usual tectonically active regions) have greater weight in consideration than the type of host rock
93
Depth
1-3km economically viable
94
Well spacing
wells are spaced
95
Temp
<100 not electric grade Commercially viable systems starts at 190 deg C
96
Geothermal Resrouce Layers
1) Resistive Shallow Layer (Near Surfcae) 2) Conductive Clay Cap 3) Reservoir (should be fractured) 4) Hear Source
97
Mienralgy
Smectite Zeolite Smectite (Arigillic) Clay Cap Smectite - Illite Transition Zone Illite-Chlorite Porpylitic
98
Resitivity signature of Clay Cap
below 10 ohmeter thus conductive since low ang reisitivity
99
Alteration zones
Smectite Zone or Clay Cap
100
pH of the Reservoir is
Neutral to Moderately Alkaline (8.5) - Mod Acidic (5.5)
101
Acidic Minerals
Kaoliniteand Pyrophyllite
102
Neutral
Pyrite Smectite Chlore-Smecitie Illite Chlorite Epidote Actinolite
103
Basic
Calcite Prehnite Laumontite Wairakite
104
Drilling
Conductd to verify presence of commercially acceptable temp (PT Survey) To sensure presnce of permeable zones Obtain Core samples
105
Feed Zone
typically found in permeable layers characterized by Total or partial mud loss circulation
106
Blank Liners
Covers anything above the top of the reservoir to avoid cold water intrusion
107
Perforated Liners
Used in the production Area
108
High NCG (Non Condensible Gasses)
Tripping of plants due to lowering of condenser vaccums
109
Scaling
causes well diamter to decrease
110
Corrosion
Results to pitting, thinning, and casing wear (Cracks or Holes) of wells
111
Cold Water intrusion
Cooling of reservoir
112
Three major classes of Geothermal Scales (Bara)
1) Silica and Silicates 2) Carbonate of Calcium and Fe 3) Sulfides of Iron and Heavy Metals
113
Separator (Brine From Steam)
Brine is injected Back to to the reservoir
114
Steam goes though the scrubber to again be purified from condensate water
Condensate is injected Back to the reservoir
115
Geothermal and Environment
Has less impact on the evnironment ?Less emission than FF fire plant ~5% of Coal ?Closed loop production kaya walag discharge of chmical pollutants and waste ?Land use is small compared to other fuels ~10% of Solar (Solar kumakain ng field) ?Readily coexist with natural habitat and agriculture ?Relaiable base load of renewable power

GLE 2024 (Day 3) (48 decks)

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