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GLE 2024 (Day 3) > GEOTHERMAL ENERGY > Flashcards

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Flashcards

1
Q

Geo - Earth, Thermal - Heat

A

Natural Heat of the Earth

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2
Q

Source of Heat

A

?Heat flows outwar from Earth’s Interior
?the crust insulates us from the interior Hear
?Mantle is Semi Molten
?Outer Core is liquid and Inner Core is Solid

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3
Q

Regions where geothermal system is situated

A

Volcanic Regions

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4
Q

Heat source

A

Magma intruded to shallow levels (<6 KM) in the crust in the Recent Past (<100K years)

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5
Q

Reservoir Characteristics

A

?Fractured Rocks (3-10km)
?Permeable and Porous
?Needs water to sustain Convection and ?Produce Steam

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6
Q

Seal / Cap Rock

A

Impermeabl or Semi-Permeable

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7
Q

Elemets of a Geothermal System

A

1) Water - Sufficient to effect Convection needs recharge
2) Cap Rock - Impermeable Rock Formation
3) Reservoir - Permeable and Porous Rocks neutral kasi nagreact na sa wall rocks, if directly above the magma acidic
4) Heat Source - Shallow levels (<6km) in the recent (<100,000 yrs) past

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8
Q

Geysers

A

Alternating eruption and quiessence of Water due to heating and pressure

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9
Q

Silica Sinter Terrace

A

Form in neutral areas, deposits from the boiling water, mountains of silica terraces
Blue Water - Neutral

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10
Q

Fumaroles

A

Steam Vents

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11
Q

Hot Spring

A

Hot Boiling Waters

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12
Q

Thermal Area/ Steaming Ground

A

May usok lang

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13
Q

Mud Pool

A

bubbling of mud

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14
Q

Algal Mat

A

Emerald Green Waters due to algae with Gold at the side due to oxidation

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15
Q

Travertine

A

Form if limestone deposited by Mineral Springs
Edge of the reservoir

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16
Q

Hot pool

A

Blue water due to nuetrality

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17
Q

Solfatara

A

Steam Vents with significant Sulfur Deposition fumarole rich in Sulfur

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18
Q

Saffioni

A

Fumaroles with high Boric Acid

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19
Q

Kaipohan

A

Cold Gas emission w/ intense argillic alteration
?A place in Valencia Negros Oriental
?Trees are dead

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20
Q

Enthalpy

A

Total Heat content of a system

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21
Q

Critical Pt of Water

A

374 deg C

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22
Q

Classes of Geothermal Systems are based on

A

Entalphy (Heat Content) and
Pressure

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23
Q

Classes 1 -4

A

Low Entalphy
All Liquids

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24
Q

Class 5-6

A

Twophased
High Entalphy

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25
Q

Class

A

Reservoir Temp

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26
Q

Non Electrical Grade

A

<100 deg cel

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27
Q

Very Low Temp

A

100-150 deg cel

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28
Q

Low Temp

A

150-190 deg cel

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29
Q

Moderate Temp

A

190-230 ded cel

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30
Q

High Temp

A

230-300 deg cel

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31
Q

Very High Temp

A

> 300 deg cel

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32
Q

Steam Field

A

240 deg C

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33
Q

Usual Geothermal Fields in the Philippines

A

High Class 5

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34
Q

Highest Temp Geothermal observed

A

S.Vito (Campi Flegrei Campania) (400 deg)

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35
Q

Steam or Dry Geothermal

A

Larderello
M.Amiata (Italy)
Geysers California , Matsukawa Japan
Kawah Kamojan Indonesia

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36
Q

Very First Geothermal installed

A

Itality Larderello 1904

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37
Q

What pushed countries to use geothermal?

A

1973 Oil Crisis

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38
Q

As of 2017, how many countries use Geothermal?

A

24

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39
Q

Top 3 Countries in terms of installed capacity as of 2019

A

1) US
2) Indonesia
3) Philippines

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40
Q

1 Gigawat Country Club

A

1) US
2) Indonesia
3) Philippines
4) turkey
5) New Zealand

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41
Q

Largest Geothermal Fields

A

The Geysers, USA
Leyte/Tongonan PH
Cerro Prieto Mex
Larderello ITA
Mak-Ban Phi 458 Mw
Salak-Awibengkok INA
Darajat, INA
Salton Sea USA
Tiwi, PHI
Coso, USA
Wairakei, NZ

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42
Q

First Well in Tinglayan, Kalinga

A

Drilled by Apec

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43
Q

Father of Philippine Geothermal

A

Dr. Arturo P. Alacaraz

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44
Q

Date when a electric bulb was lit up by geothermal energy for the first time through a working model set up by Dr. Alcaraz
400 Feet into a ground
2.5 KW turbo Generator

A

April 12, 1967

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45
Q

Where is the first Geothermal PP discovered

A

Cale, Tiwi Albay

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46
Q

Philippine Geothermal Law

A

RA 5092 Geothermal Law (1967)

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47
Q

First commercial Geothermal production

A

1972

48
Q

when was PNOC established?

A

1973

49
Q

Tiwi and MakBan (first 110 MW)

A

1979

50
Q

?Tonongonon Leyte,
?Palinpinon Valencia Negro OR

A

1983

51
Q

BacMan Sorsogon

A

1993

52
Q

Build Operate Transfer (BOT) Law

A

1990

53
Q

Mahanagdong, Leyte
Mt.Apo

A

1996-1999

54
Q

RA 9136 EPIRA Law

A

2001

55
Q

Northern Negros (Decommisioned)

A

2006

56
Q

reached 1,970 MW

A

2007

57
Q

RA 9513 RE Law

A

2008

58
Q

Maibarara, Sto.Tomas, Batangas

A

2014

59
Q

Total Installed Capacity

A

1937.56 MW

60
Q

MakBan, Laguna

A

458.53 MW

61
Q

Maibarara, Sto.Tomas Batangas

A

32 MW

62
Q

Tiwi, Albay

A

234 MW

63
Q

BacMan, Sorsogon

A

140 MW

64
Q

Leyte (Mahanagdong, Tongonan)

A

722.68 MW

65
Q

Nasulo, Negros Oriental

A

49.37 MW

66
Q

Palinpinon, Valencia, Negros Oriental

A

192.5 MW

67
Q

Mt. Apo

A

108.48 MW

68
Q

Govt Agency in charge of processing, evaluating, approving all RE Concession Areas
Issue RE Contracts

A

Department of Energy
REMB

69
Q

Provisions of RE Contracts

A

?Term: 25 years renewable for another 25
?Major obligations:
1) Comply with the work program
2) Deliver Financial commitment such as Govt Share and Taxes
3) Comply with applicable laws affecting the stakeholders

70
Q

RE Provides Fiscal and Non Fiscal Incentive

A

1) Processing support
2) Accesss to all sites/areas needed for exploration
3) Assistance in securing needed permits
4) Exclusive Rights to Conduct RE-related operation w/in the concession

71
Q

Why is FTAA applicable to Geothermal?

A

Because RA 9513 defines Geothermal as Mienral Resources

72
Q

Prospects AREAS for Low Enthalphy Geothermal

A

1) Banton Is, Romblon
2) Balut Is,Davao del Sur
3) Maricaban Is., Batangas

73
Q

Coal

A

44.50%

74
Q

Nat Gas

A

22.90%

75
Q

Geothermal

A

13.40%

76
Q

Hydro

A

10.50%

77
Q

Oil

A

7.10%

78
Q

Wind

A

0.90%

79
Q

Biomass

A

0.40%

80
Q

Solar

A

0.20%

81
Q

Stages

A
  1. Surface Reconnaissance
  2. Exploration Drilling
  3. Production Drilling
  4. SAGS+Pplant
  5. Operation + Maintenance
82
Q

Upstream

A

Resource Development

83
Q

Downstream

A

Plant Construction/Operations

84
Q

Risk

A

Decraeasing as Project Progresses

85
Q

Cost

A

Increasing Cost and Bankability

86
Q

Surface Studies

A

?Gathering Local Knowledhe
?Lithology, structures
?Locating Known Active Geothermal Surface features
?Overall Surface geology

87
Q

Geochemical Surfveung

A

?Geothermometry
?Electrical Conductivity
?pH
?Flow rate of fluids from active features
?Soil Sampling

88
Q

Geophysical Surveying

A

?Gravity
?Electrical Resistiviy
?Magnetotellurics
?Temp gradient Drilling Borehole
?2D and 3D Seismics

89
Q

Alterations in a Geothermal Field from top to bottom

A

Unaltered
Zeolite-Smectite Zone
Argillic Zone (Clayey)
Propylitic Zone

90
Q

Size

A

~10 kg of Steam to produce 1 unit (Kwh)
Great Volumes of Fluid at hight tempures or a reservoir that can be recharged with fluids that are heated by contact with water

91
Q

Host Rocks

A

Limestone-Shale
Volcanic Rocks-Granite

Volcanic Rocs-mot common single rock type in which reservoirs occur

92
Q

High Heat Flow

A

Fracturing must exist and presernce of high heat flow ( geothermal gradients in usual tectonically active regions) have greater weight in consideration than the type of host rock

93
Q

Depth

A

1-3km economically viable

94
Q

Well spacing

A

wells are spaced

95
Q

Temp

A

<100 not electric grade
Commercially viable systems starts at 190 deg C

96
Q

Geothermal Resrouce Layers

A

1) Resistive Shallow Layer (Near Surfcae)
2) Conductive Clay Cap
3) Reservoir (should be fractured)
4) Hear Source

97
Q

Mienralgy

A

Smectite Zeolite
Smectite (Arigillic) Clay Cap
Smectite - Illite Transition Zone
Illite-Chlorite Porpylitic

98
Q

Resitivity signature of Clay Cap

A

below 10 ohmeter thus conductive since low ang reisitivity

99
Q

Alteration zones

A

Smectite Zone or Clay Cap

100
Q

pH of the Reservoir is

A

Neutral to
Moderately Alkaline (8.5) - Mod Acidic (5.5)

101
Q

Acidic Minerals

A

Kaoliniteand Pyrophyllite

102
Q

Neutral

A

Pyrite
Smectite
Chlore-Smecitie
Illite
Chlorite
Epidote
Actinolite

103
Q

Basic

A

Calcite
Prehnite
Laumontite
Wairakite

104
Q

Drilling

A

Conductd to verify presence of commercially acceptable temp (PT Survey)
To sensure presnce of permeable zones
Obtain Core samples

105
Q

Feed Zone

A

typically found in permeable layers characterized by Total or partial mud loss circulation

106
Q

Blank Liners

A

Covers anything above the top of the reservoir to avoid cold water intrusion

107
Q

Perforated Liners

A

Used in the production Area

108
Q

High NCG (Non Condensible Gasses)

A

Tripping of plants due to lowering of condenser vaccums

109
Q

Scaling

A

causes well diamter to decrease

110
Q

Corrosion

A

Results to pitting, thinning, and casing wear (Cracks or Holes) of wells

111
Q

Cold Water intrusion

A

Cooling of reservoir

112
Q

Three major classes of Geothermal Scales (Bara)

A

1) Silica and Silicates
2) Carbonate of Calcium and Fe
3) Sulfides of Iron and Heavy Metals

113
Q

Separator (Brine From Steam)

A

Brine is injected Back to to the reservoir

114
Q

Steam goes though the scrubber to again be purified from condensate water

A

Condensate is injected Back to the reservoir

115
Q

Geothermal and Environment

A

Has less impact on the evnironment
?Less emission than FF fire plant ~5% of Coal
?Closed loop production kaya walag discharge of chmical pollutants and waste
?Land use is small compared to other fuels ~10% of Solar (Solar kumakain ng field)
?Readily coexist with natural habitat and agriculture
?Relaiable base load of renewable power

GLE 2024 (Day 3) (48 decks)

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