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GLE 2024 (Day 3) > GEOCHEMISTRY > Flashcards

GEOCHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Who first coined Geochemistry, where and when?
A

Christian Friedrich schonbein, 1838, Univ of Basel, SZ

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2
Q
  1. Who is the Father of Geochemistry considered as the first Geochemist?
A

Frank Clarke

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3
Q
  1. What was his book and when was it published?
A

Data of Geochemistry, 1908

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4
Q
  1. This refers to the average concentration of Elements in the crust
A

Clarke of Concentration

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5
Q
  1. Who is the father of modern geochemistry and crystal chemistry who correlated the mineral formation and structure to its chemical composition?
A

Victor Goldschmidt

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6
Q

Classification of Minerals according to preferred Hosts

A

Lithophiles = Rock and Oxygen Loving
Chalcophiles = Ore Loving Sulfur Loving
Siderophiles = Iron Loving
Atmophile = Gas Loving

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7
Q
  1. Study of the Chemistry of the universe
A

Cosmochemistry

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8
Q
  1. Theoretical Age of the UNiverse
A

13.7 Ga

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9
Q
  1. Who proposed big bang theory?
A

Belgian Priest, George Lemaitre

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10
Q

Model of the evolution of the universe that postulates its origin from a hot dense mass that expanded rapidly and cooled

A

Big Bang

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11
Q
  1. When was big bang proposed?
A

1920s (1927)

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12
Q
  1. Evidences or Supporting observation of Big Bang?
A

1) REd Shift or the Expansion of the Universe
2) Abundance of light elements such H, He, Li, and
3) Pervasive Background Radiation or Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation

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13
Q
  1. Who proposed Red Shift and when?
A

Edwin Hubble in 1929

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14
Q
  1. Who obseved the Cosmic Microwave Radiation?
A

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1965

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15
Q
  1. Where was CMD first observed?
A

Bell Telephone Laboratories

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16
Q
  1. What 2 methods were used by scientists to date the universe?
A

1) Oldest Stars, and
2) Extrapolation though the rate of expansion of galaxies

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17
Q

A segment of universe formation wherein the universe became neutral and Opaque

A

Dark Age

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18
Q

End of Dark Age

A

Cosmic Ionization

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19
Q

Nuclear Process which forms stars

A

Nuclear Fusion

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20
Q
  1. This is the process of creation of elements
A

Nucleosynthesis

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21
Q
  1. This refers to the creation of H, He, and Li during the first few moments of big bang and became the starting ingridients for all other elements?
A

Cosmological Nucleosynthesis

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22
Q
  1. This refer to the creation of elements with atomic masses up to 26Fe through variety of nuclear reactions
A

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

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23
Q
  1. How are elements with atomic masses greater than 26 created?
A

Through explosive burning during supernova

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24
Q
  1. Sequence of burning during nucleosynthesis
A

H - He - C - O - Si- Fe

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25
Q
  1. What is the constant H:He ratio which is largely dictated by Big Bang?
A

12.5

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26
Q
  1. Why is Li, B, Be anomalously low in concentration?
A

Because they are unstable and are tend to be used and destroyed in the production of C12

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27
Q
  1. What is Oddo Harkins Rule?
A

sawtooth pattern of elemental abundance in the universe in whic elements with even atomic numbers are more abundant than those with odd atomic numbers

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28
Q
  1. This element has the highest binding energy per nucleon and is the most stable
A

Fe

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29
Q
  1. This is the diagram used to classify stars
A

Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram

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30
Q
  1. Which are the hottest stars?
A

White Dwarfs

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31
Q
  1. Who proposed Nebular Hypothesis (2)?
A

Immanuel Kant and Pierre Simon de Laplace

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32
Q
  1. How did scientist discover the age of the solar system?
A

Determining the age of the oldest rock

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33
Q
  1. What is the oldest rock in the earth?
A

Rock 14321 found in Moon

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34
Q
  1. Who and when was the rock discovered?
A

Alan Shepard, Apollo 11 Astronaut in Feb 6, 1971

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35
Q
  1. How old is the rock and what dating technique was used?
A

4.011 Ga, Zircon Dating

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36
Q
  1. What is the oldest Material on earth
A

Pre-Solar Grains of Murchison Meteorite which fell in Australia in 1969

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37
Q
  1. Age of the oldest materials and what dating technique used?
A

7.5 Ga Neon21 Isotope

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38
Q

Oldest material formed on Earth and its age?

A

Jack Hills Zircon in a Quartzite/Metaconglomerate 4.4Ga

39
Q

Where was this oldest material found?

A

Western Australia

40
Q
  1. What similar compositions do terrestrial plaents have?
A

high temp minerals, Fe-Mg Silicates Metallic Alloy

41
Q
  1. What similar compositions do Jovian Plaents have?
A

Low temp minerals, Methan, Ammonia and Water

42
Q
  1. This is the arrangement of condensation of minerals depending on the temperature and distance from the sun
A

Condensation Sequence

43
Q
  1. The line which marks that the temperature is cold enough for volatile compounds to condense into solid grains
A

Frost line

44
Q
  1. Relative abundance of Materials in the Solar Nebular
A

98% Light gases
1.4% H cmpds
0.4% Rocks and
0.2% Metals

45
Q

39 Solar system composition by mass

A

Sun 99.85%,
0.10% Jupiter
0.04% other planets,
0.01% Comets
0% satellites, rings and asteroids, Meteroids and
dut 0.0000001%

46
Q
  1. Meteorite whch comes from differentiated planetisimals with Taenite as primary composition?
A

Magmatic Fe Meteories

47
Q
  1. Composed of Pallasites and Mesosiderites?
A

Stony Fe

48
Q
  1. Composed mostly of basaltic rocks from crusts and mantle of planetisimals
A

Achrondrite

49
Q
  1. Most abundant meteorite
A

Ordinary Chondrites

50
Q
  1. Meteorites composed of Magnesium Pyroxene
A

Enstatite Chondrites

51
Q
  1. These are the most primitive Chondrites
A

Carbonaceous Chrondrites

52
Q
  1. What does Carbonaceous Chronites represent?
A

Bulk Composition of the Sun

53
Q
  1. Difference between chemical and physical classifications of earth’s layers?
A

The former depends mainly on composition while the latter depends on the rheology

54
Q
  1. Differentiate Oceanic and Continetal Crust based on Composition?
A

Oceanic is Basaltic (SiMg) in COmposition while Continental is Granitic to Granodioritc (SiAl)

55
Q
  1. Differentiate Oceanic and Continental Crust based on Ave. Thickness?
A

Oceaning is 6.5-7 km while Continental is 35km

56
Q
  1. Thickness range for Oceanic Crust
A

3-15 km

57
Q
  1. Thickness range for Continental crust
A

20-60km

58
Q
  1. DEnsities of Oceanic and Continental Crust respectively?
A

3.3g/cc and 2.7g/cc

59
Q
  1. Differentiate Lithosphere and Asthenosphere based on Rheology and COmposition?
A

Lithosphere is brittle and is composed of the whole Crust and the Upper Mantle while Asthenosphere is ductile and is composed of the Upper Mantle

60
Q
  1. The discontinuity between Curst and Mantle?
A

Mohorivicic

61
Q
  1. The discontinuity between Mantle and COre?
A

Gutenberg

62
Q
  1. The discontinuity between outer and inner core?
A

Lehmann

63
Q
  1. Bulk density of earth?
A

5.52 g/cc

64
Q
  1. Why do earthquakes have a maximum depth of 100km?
A

BEcause the lithosphere’s rigid environment generates earthquakes and it exists only up to 100 lkm

65
Q
  1. What generates the magnetic field of the earth?
A

Convection of the liduid outer core and the rotation of the earth

66
Q
  1. Beta polymorph of Olivine?
A

Wadsleyite

67
Q
  1. Gamma polymorph of Olivine?
A

Ringwoodite

68
Q
  1. Why is there a discontinuity at 400km in the mantle?
A

Because Olivine has undergone phase transformation

69
Q
  1. Composition of the Lower Mantle?
A

Brdigmanite or Mg Pervoskite

70
Q
  1. Who and when was periodic table discovered?
A

Dmitri Mendeleev 1864

71
Q
  1. Nuclides of the same chemical ellement having diff atomic masses?
A

Isotopes

72
Q
  1. What is the name of the Group IA of the periodic table?
A

Alkali metals

73
Q
  1. What is the name of Group IIA?
A

Alkali Earth Metals

74
Q
  1. What is the name of Group IIIB to IIB?
A

Transition Metals

75
Q
  1. What is Group IIIA to VIIA
A

Non-Metals

76
Q
  1. What is Group VIIA?
A

Halogens

77
Q
  1. What is Group VIIIA?
A

Noble Gases

78
Q
  1. Bonds wherein electrons are shared?
A

Covalent

79
Q
  1. Bonds wherein Electrons are transferred?
A

Ionic

80
Q
  1. Elements which accepts Electrons and is negatively charge?
A

Anions which are mostly non Metal

81
Q
  1. Elements which donates electrons and is positively charged?
A

Cations which are mostly metal

82
Q
  1. Bonds in which positively charged nucleus are surrounded by a sea of electrons that are freely moving?
A

Metallic bond

83
Q
  1. Minerals with same chemical composition but have diff crystal structure?
A

Polymorph

84
Q
  1. Minerals with the same crystal structure but have diff chemical formula?
A

Isomorph

85
Q
  1. What is the difference between Calcite and Aragonite?
A

Calcite is Hexagonal, Araonite is Orthorhombic

86
Q
  1. What is the difference between Pyrite and Marcasite?
A

Pyrite is Isometric while Marcasite is Orthorhombic

87
Q
  1. This silica polymorph is used as an indicator of an ultra-high pressure environment or rocks
A

Coesite

88
Q
  1. This silca polymorph are usually found in impact craters and display birefringence uner the microscope?
A

Shock Quartz

89
Q
  1. Difference between Kyanite, Sillimanite and Andalusite?
A

Sillimanite and Andalusite are Orthorhomnbic and goes extinct under the microscope while Kyanite is Triclinic

90
Q
  1. Difference between Diamond and Graphite?
A

Diamond is Isometric while Graphite is HExagonal

91
Q
  1. Differentiate Sanidine, Orthoclase, and Microcline?
A

They are all k-felds but Sanidine and Orthoclase are Monoclinic while Microcline is triclinic. Sanidin forms in the highest T among the three while Microcline is the lowest. They are polymorphs based on order-disorder

92
Q
  1. Which of the Goldschmidt Classification of Elements are mostly found in the Core?
A

Siderophiles because these element have high density and sink into the core and readily dissolves in Iron

93
Q
  1. Which of the Goldschmidt Classification of Elements are mostly found in the Crust?
A

Lithophiles because these elements readily combine with oxygen

GLE 2024 (Day 3) (48 decks)

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