EXPLORATION GEOLOGY (REMOTE SENSING) Flashcards
A comprehensive process of collecting information about an object, area, and phenomenon without coming in direct contact or touching itself
Remote Sensing
Method of data aquisition using remote sensing
Electromagnetic radiation from sensors
Reflection of Natural Light recoded on a light-sensitive emulsion-coated base film and printed on light-sensitive emulsion coated paper
Photographic Data
Reflected and emitted multispectral EM energy recoded directly in digital form on a magnetic tape or disk
Image Data
Wavelength of visible light
0.4-0.7 um
Blue
0.4-0.5 um
Green
0.5-0.6 um
Red
0.6-0.7 um
Infrared
0.7-300 um
A phenomenon that take the form of self-propagating energy waves as it travels through space and consits both electric and magnetic field which oscillate perpendicular to each other
Electromagnetic Radiation
An inclusive part of electromagnetic radiation and is an idealized theoretical radiator that absorbs 100% of all EM radiation that hits it
Black Body
The unpredictable diffusion of radiation by particles within the atmosphere
Atmosperic Scattering
The ranges of wavelength in which the athmosphere is particularly Transmissive
Atmospheric Windows
a collective term referring to the entire range and scope of frequencies of EM radiation
EM Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength is _ proportional
Inversely
The difference between the intensity of EM radiation REFLECTED or EMITTED by an object at different wave length
Spectral Response or Signature
Vehicles or carries that carry the remote sensor
Platform
When was Landsat-1 launched by NASA?
Jul-72
The orig name of Landsat1
Earth Resource Technology satellite
purpose of landsat 1
Multispectral imegery for renewable an non renewable resources
The path of a celestial body or an artificial satelite as it revolves in an elliptical around another body is
Orbit
Altitude and Inclination angle of Polar Orbit Satellite
about 850km
80 and 105 deg of inclination
Complete revolution of a polar satellite
100 min
A geocentric orbit that combines altitude and inclination in such a way that an object that orbit ascends or descends over any given point of Earth’s Surface at the same local mean solar time
Sun-Synchronous/
Heliosynchronous/
Dawn-to-Dusk Orbit
An orbit directly above Earth’s equatorial orbit and stays over the same spot with a period equal to Earth;s rotational period and which appears mtionless in the sky from the Earth’s Surface
Geostationary Orbit
Latitude and Altitude of Geostationary obts
0 deg lart
36K Km
Devices which detect and record intesities of EM radiation in various spectral channels
Sensors
sensors which uses naturally occurring energy reflected, emitted, and transmitted by part of the EM spectrum and rely on the solar illuminiation side of Earth or the natural thermal radtiation for the source of energy
Passive Sensors
Exampls of PASSIVE sensors
Landsat Multispectral Scanner
Landsat ThematiC Scanner
SPOT (French, satellotes Pour l’observation de la terre)
Space Shuttle
Sensors which used their own illumination as source of erngy
Active like Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
type of resol’n which includes the GEOMETRIC properties of the ground covered under the IFOV of the sensor
Spatial Resoln
The maximum angle at which a sensor can effectively detect EM energy (Imaging)
Instataneous Field of View (IFOV)
the span of wavelength over which a spectral channel operates by the senros
Spectral Resolution
the degree of intensities of radiation the sensor is able to distinguish
Radiometric Resolution
the repetitive coverage over an area by the sensor and is equal to the time interval between successve observations
Temporal Resoln
smallest item of info in an image which is represented by a number equivalent to ave radiance and brightness and are normally arranged 2D grid (x,y)
Pixel
a set of images arranged to facilitate a bird’s eye view of an area and is done by cutting and merging each overlapping scene image
Mosaic
correcting defects in images during data collection and subsequent transfer to a ground station
Image Restoration
the procedure of improving the quality and information content of an original data before processing
Image enhancement
performed by linear transformation expanding the original range of gray level
Contrast Enhancement
Improves naturally occuring linear features like fault, shear zones, and lineaments.
Spatial Filtering
converts continuous gray tone range into a series of density intervals marked by a separate color or symbol to represent different features
Density Slicing
Commonly used in remote sensing compared to true color because of the absence of a pure blue color band because further scattering is dominant in the blue wavelength
False Color Composite
Wavelengths combined in FCC
Shortwave Infrared (Red)
Near Infrared (Green)
Green Visible Band (Blue)
FCC of vegetation
Red
FCC of clear water
dark
FCC of green water bodies
Blue
Remote sensing evidence for Hydrocarbons
Striking circular drainage anomalies
Geobotanical and tonal anomalies due to seepage
Regional Lineaments in Oil bearing regionas
Films of Oil Slicks on Oceans
GIS
ellipsoid
Info associated with underlying geography or description of location
Spatial Information
Distance of Latitude and Longtitude lines from each other
69miles or 111 km
Accuracy of depiction of location and shape of map features
Resoluton
Min size of objects can be detected by sensor system
Spatial Resolution
used to portray 3D Earth into 2D Flat surface
Map Projection
Projection for Equatorial Regions
Cylindrical
Projection for Midlatitude like Canada
Conic
Projection for polar or Circular regions
Planar or Azimuthal
Reference system to represent location of features, imagerey and observation such as GPS locations w/in a common framework
Coordinate System
A combination of all fators that identify a point on sphere and a 2 representation of the sphere
Spatial Reference Framework
Science of measuring the Earth
Geodesy
Sceince of identifying and measuring specific locations on Earth
Surverying
A mathemeatical model of the size and shape of the Earth
Ellipsoid
Slightly non-spherical but not necesarilly math definable
Spheroid
Theoretical surface usually Mean Sea Lvel and used as basis for the Vertical Datrum and as reference of Horizontal Datum
Geoid
A spheroid used as an (X,y) reference to all points in the ral globe
Horizontal Datum
Level surface to which heights (elevation) are referenced
Vertical datum
Two types of Coordinate System
1) Global or Spherical or Geographic
2) Projected
A geodetic datum in the Philippines can be used onshore for topographic Mapping and was referenced to Clarke 1866 ellipsoid and the prime meridian
Luzon 1911
The origin of Luzon 1911
Hinanggayon, Marinduque
Coordinates of Hinnangayon Marinduque
13 deg 33 min 41 Sec n
121 deg 52 min 03 sec E
Datum code of Luzon 1911
6683
A homogenous national network of Geodetic Control Points (GCPs) marked by mojons and primarily used to survey political boundaries in the Ph
PRS 92 Phil Reference System 1992
A projected coordinated which creates a series of Central Meridians and is designed primarily for collecting survey data in the PH
Ph Transverse Mercator
Central Meridians of PTM
117, 119, 121, 123, 125 E
PTM zone 1
117 E area west of 118 E SW Palawan
PTM zone 2
119 E: Central and NE Palawan and Calamian Islands
PTM zone 3
121 E: Luzon except (SE), Mindoro
PTM zone 4
123 E: SE Luzon, W.Mindanao, Panay, Negros
PTM Zone 5
125 E: East Mindanao, Bohol and Samar, Central-E.Mindanao
Represent features as a matrix of cells in continuous space
Raster
Represent features as lines, points and polygons
Vector
A 3D surface model derived from irregularly spaced points and break line features and has triangle as its basic unit consisting of three lines and 3 nodes. Created by digitizing contour maps
Triangulated Irregular Network TINs
where are TINs useful?
Road and Rail Line Planning
Dam Site Planning
Reservoir Capacity Estimation
Identifying ridge lines and valley
Cut and Filling problems
Stored as individual XY corrdinated and equivalen to individual row column enty in a grid
Point
Stired as a set of mathematically connected XY coordinates and a set of connected grid cells
Lines
Stored as a set of mathematically connected XY coodinate defining a boundary or a set of contiguous grid cells defining an interior
Areas
Sources collected by direct measurement like Raster Satellite Images, Vector Building survey measurements
Primary Sources
Sources which are resued from earlier studies or obtained from other stystems like scanned photographs,
Secondary Source
Totalty of Features
Data Completenes
Degree of details displayed in a uniform space
Data Precision
Discrepancy between actual and coded attribute value
Data Accuracy
Absence of conflicts in a particular database
Data Consistency
Another term for Polar Orbit
Low Earth Orbit (1000 miles)
Low Res Satellite
MODIS
Medium Reso Satellite
ASTER and LANDSAT
Used inSAR which measures evlevation in two antennas and has one of themost accurate DEM of Earth with 90m Date Sets
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
an active sensor that measures ground height using light from an airplane or helicopter platform and measures the time for ligt to bounse back to the sensor
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)
Type of DEM that LiDAR produces
DSM (Digital Surface Mdel)
An efective tool for collecting DEM data under challenging circumstances such as cloud cover, extreme weatehr conditions, rugged terrain and remote locations. Uses Two Synthetic Aperture Radar
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR)
Differetentiate DEM, DSM, DTM,
DEM - Height and Elevation mostly
DSM - includes all the objects on the surface and is good for forestry
DTM - bare ground surface without objects and show only ridges and contour
Satellite specifically designed for Earth observation from the orbit but intended for non military use
Earth Observation Satellite
An object detection system that uses radio waves o determine the range, angle or velocity of objects. Image is careated by detection of object’s location and speed
Radio Detection and Ranging or Radio Direction and Ranging
A method that uses light in the form of pulsed laser to measure ranges (Distances) to the Earth. Generates precise 3D info about the shape of the Earth
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)
A LiDar which uses NIR lase to map the land
Topographic LiDAR
A lidar which uses water penetrating green light to measure the seafloor
Bathymetric LiDAR
Helpful in mapping the ocean because sound waves travels farther in water that radio and lihgt
Sound Navigation and Ranging (SoNAR)
A sonar which emit acoustic signals and can determine range and orientation of object
Active Sonar
The original name of Global Positioning System when it was developed for Military applicatons by the US
Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging (NASATIRA)
What are the three segments of GPS?
Space, Ground Control and User Segments
How many satellites is needed to compute for 2D position
3 Satellites
How many GPS zones are there?
60
The simplest, cheapest and easiest unit of GPS consisiting of a single receiver
Handheld GPS
A GPS which works on simultaneous measurements by receivers at a reference station with precisely known locations. Corrrection is made by comapring it to the base station
Differential Code Phase GPS
A GPS that resulted in the development of land surverying, geological mapping, and as a guide to reach target destination. Distance can be measured up to a ditsnce of 30km
Carrier Phase Tracking GPS
an electronic/opical instrument used in all-purpose surveying and is used to record absolute locations, geological contact, results of surveys,borehole programs and even undergoround working layout and slopes
Electronic Total Station
ESRI stands for?
Environmental Systems Research Institutes
