PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (BASIN STRATIGRAPHY) Flashcards by Sean Levi Abiera

complex of igneous and met rocks in continental areas and have negative relief compared to their surroundings

Basement/Shield

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Inccludes both the depression ad thick accumulation of seds

Basin

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Areas with normal veneer of seds over the basement and has neutral relief

Shelf or Platform

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Receive thinner than average sedment and have positive relief

Arches

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Geometry of a basin

Area

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Types of Basin
according to tectonic Settings in the Philippines

Geothermal Gradient

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Back Arc (VSCCS)

Mod to High

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Fore Arc (ICWWABE)

Low

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Rift Basins (NMSR)

High Geotherm

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BASINS in the PHILIPPINES

Ilocos Trough
Cagayan Valley Basin
W.Luzon Basin
C.Luzon Basin
SE Luzon Basin
Bicol Shelf
W.Masbate Iloilo Basin
Mindoro Cuyo Platform
Reed Bank Basin
NW Plwn Basi
SE Plwn Basin
E.Plwn Basin
Sulu Sea Basin
Visayan Sea Basin
Cotabato Basin
Agusan-Davao Basin

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Deepest and Thickest

Agusan Davao

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Largest in terms of Area

Visayan Sea Basin

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Etymolyogy of Petroleum

Petro “Rock”
Oleum “Oil”

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Forms of Petroleum at Normal Temp

Crude Oil (L)
Natural Gas (G)
Tar and Bitumen (S)

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Color of Petroleum

Ylw, Grn, Brwn, Blk

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Type of Crude Oil dependng on Sulfur Content

Sweet

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Main By-product of Petroleum which often clogs wells

Sulfur

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Theory which states that hydrocarbon where derived from geochem conversion of organic matter and material in time through agents of T and P

Organic Theory

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A concept which encompasses all of the elements and processes of petroleum Geol

Petroleum System

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Elements of Petroleum System

1) Source Rock
2) Migration
3) Reservoir Rock
4) Cap or Seal Rocks
5) Traps
6) Timing

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A rock capable of generating oil and gas that is rich in Organic Matter that is matured enough to expel oil or gas

Source Rock

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Material composed of organic molecule in monomeric or polymeric form derived directlly or indirectly from the organic part of organism

Organic Matter (OM)

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are skeletal parts of organism included in generation of organic matter?

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the basic process that accomplishes mass production of organic matter on earth which converts light energy to chemical energy by the transfer of H from water to CO2 and produce Glucose and Oxygen
water+Co2+sunlight = glucose + oxgen

Photosynthesis

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Primary OM producer during the Precambrian to Devonian

Marine Phytoplankton

Primary OM producer Devonian Onwards

terrestrial sources

Present OM producer

Equal

Four most important OM producer (PZHB)

Phytoplanktons (Algae) Zooplanktons (Prostita) Higher Plants Bacteria

Controls of OM Production

Light Temp Chemical Comp. of SeaWater

Which depth or part of the water column in biological productivity concentrated?

60-80 merters

Most Biologically productive part of Aqueous Envir

Open Seas

Most Biologically productive part of Terrestrial Envi

Forests

Favorable envi for OM accumulation and preservatio

Lagoons Estuaries Deep Basin

A type of Organic Material in Seds that is insoluble in ordinary organic solvents

Kerogen

Type of Organic Material that is soluble in organic solvents and is the oil part of OM which is mobile Partially converted kerogen due to high T and and time Lower Molecular weight than Kerogen

Bitumen

What is of greatest interest for Pet Geologists?

Kerogen - because oil and gas comes from thermal maturity of Kerogen

Types of Keorgen (ALEXVITIN)

Kerogen

ALGINITE (Algal)

EXINITE (Herbaceous)

III

VITRINITE (Woody)

INERTINITE (Eroded or Reworked)

Type II composed of Land Plant Cuticle

Cutinite

Type II composed of Land Plant Resin

Resinite

Type II composed of Land Plants Lipids and Marine Algae

Liptinite

First million years characterized by Microbial Activity and Compaction and is the most important stage because it is during this stage that the composition of the kerogen is determined

Diageneses

Characterized by Continuous burial and increas in temp which ceases microbial activity and in which kerogen undergo further chemical transformation and also the stage in which Oil , Gas and Methane is produced

Catagenesis

Occurs at much grater depths (15,000 feet) at which kerogen starts to crystallize and coal starts forming anthracite. Methane is mostly produced at this stage necause of cracking of hydrocarbons

Metagenesis

The extent of time-temp driven reactions that convert sed organic matter to oil, wet gas a

Thermal Maturity

Most common method to determine thermal maturity by assessing the refelctivity of coal associated with the source rock

Vitrinite Reflectance

Alteration of coal associated with source rock

Thermal Alteration Index

Major Source Rocks

Shale 65 Carbonates 21 Marl (Carbonate-rich mud) 12 Coal 2

The expulsion of generated hydrocarbons from the source rocks to the carrier beds or reservoir rock

Migration

Migration from source rock to carrier beds which is non reservoir rocks and is the longerst time

Primary Migration

Migration from carrier beds to the reservoir

Secondary Migration

Migration from one reservoir to another

Tertiary Migration

A process of enhancing Porosity and permeablity by injecting HCl thus dissolving the cement of the reservoir

Acidization

A process in which liquid sand is driven into the reservoir under HIGH Pressure

Fracturing or hydraulic fracturing

These are rocks that are sufficiently porous and permeable to store hydrocarbons expelled from the source rock

Reservoir Rocks

Common types of reservoir

Sandstones 60% Limestone 39 Others 1

The most important reservoir rocks because majority of grains are hard, stable, insoluble without crystal characteristics in short inert

Sandstones

Provenance of Sandstones

quartz arenite

What are the depositional environments of most Sandstone Reservoirs

Deltaic Distributaries Mouth Bars and Channel Sands

How much of the worlds' oil reserve is hosted by Carbonate Reservoir?

40%

How much of the World's Gas reserve is hosted by Carbonate Reservoir?

30%

Cabronate environment deposition

Shallow Warm marin TROPICAL environments

The commonest Carbonate Depositional Model in which carbonate are deposited on FLANKS of CRATONIC MASS, CONTINENTAL MARGINS or other tectonic depositional feature in VERY SHALLOW MARINE WATER and may accumulate up to sea level when Sedimentation exceeds subsidence

Carbonate Shelf model

Depositional model wherein there is NO PROMINENT BREAK in slope and facies belt tends to be broader and repreent Earliest depostional stage n the development of Carbonate Shelf model

Carbonate Ramp model

Homoclinal ramps distally steepened ramps

Carbonate Ramps

Depositional or acceretionary shelves, by mass marignes and erosional margins

Rimmed carbionate Shelves

These are non marine carbonates common in lakes and are most important source rocks

Lacustrine Carbonates

Lacustrine facies characterized by mostly VARVED lime muds and Terrestrial Clays occupying LAKE CENTERS and are rich source rocks for oild

Profundal (Gitna)

FRINGES(borders) the lake lower amounts of clays higher proportions of Skeletal Carbonates Debris

Littoral Carbonates

Formed in shallow lakes and marshes in shallow ponds developed o exposed carbonate platforms

Fresh-water marl

Terrestrial Carbonate settings composed of carbonate grains transported by ONSHORE WINDS ad is primarly coposed of ooids, pelets and froams, with Cross bedding dipping landward

Carbonate Dunes

Forms in ARID to SEMI ARID alkaline soil zone by recprecipitation of low Mg CaCO3. Evaporation is ivolved and occrus ass vertically zone profiles

Caliche

Terrestrial Carbonate which forms in Caves or Karst related and indicators of SEA LEVEL DROP

Cave Deposits/Speleothems

Lithologic unit which impedes the flow of hydrocarbons specfically a rock that has very small pore throats and poorly connected pores to allow the passage of hydrocarbon

Seal or Cap Rocks

Mjor types of seals

Shales 65% Evaporites 33% Carboates 2%

Most ductile to least ductile

Salt Anhydrite Shales-Keroge rich Silt shales Carbonate mudtsones Cherts

TRAPS

please see separate tab

Why is timing important

Trap myst be formed before or during the migration of hydrocarbons

Why is fracture detrimental on a seal?

Because a single small fractures can leak off million barrels of oils in thousand of years which can drain the field

Rocks with reservoir qualities that ABUT the reservoir and will drain the reservoir of the hydrocarbon

Thief Beds

What is the effects of biodegration to oil

It will make the oil heavy