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GLE 2024 (Day 3) > PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (BASIN STRATIGRAPHY) > Flashcards

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (BASIN STRATIGRAPHY) Flashcards

1
Q

complex of igneous and met rocks in continental areas and have negative relief compared to their surroundings

A

Basement/Shield

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2
Q

Inccludes both the depression ad thick accumulation of seds

A

Basin

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3
Q

Areas with normal veneer of seds over the basement and has neutral relief

A

Shelf or Platform

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4
Q

Receive thinner than average sedment and have positive relief

A

Arches

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5
Q

Geometry of a basin

A

Area

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6
Q

Types of Basin
according to tectonic Settings in the Philippines

A

Geothermal Gradient

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7
Q

Back Arc (VSCCS)

A

Mod to High

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8
Q

Fore Arc (ICWWABE)

A

Low

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9
Q

Rift Basins (NMSR)

A

High Geotherm

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10
Q

BASINS in the PHILIPPINES

A

Ilocos Trough
Cagayan Valley Basin
W.Luzon Basin
C.Luzon Basin
SE Luzon Basin
Bicol Shelf
W.Masbate Iloilo Basin
Mindoro Cuyo Platform
Reed Bank Basin
NW Plwn Basi
SE Plwn Basin
E.Plwn Basin
Sulu Sea Basin
Visayan Sea Basin
Cotabato Basin
Agusan-Davao Basin

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11
Q

Deepest and Thickest

A

Agusan Davao

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12
Q

Largest in terms of Area

A

Visayan Sea Basin

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13
Q

Etymolyogy of Petroleum

A

Petro “Rock”
Oleum “Oil”

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14
Q

Forms of Petroleum at Normal Temp

A

Crude Oil (L)
Natural Gas (G)
Tar and Bitumen (S)

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15
Q

Color of Petroleum

A

Ylw, Grn, Brwn, Blk

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16
Q

Type of Crude Oil dependng on Sulfur Content

A

Sweet

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17
Q

Main By-product of Petroleum which often clogs wells

A

Sulfur

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18
Q

Theory which states that hydrocarbon where derived from geochem conversion of organic matter and material in time through agents of T and P

A

Organic Theory

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19
Q

A concept which encompasses all of the elements and processes of petroleum Geol

A

Petroleum System

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20
Q

Elements of Petroleum System

A

1) Source Rock
2) Migration
3) Reservoir Rock
4) Cap or Seal Rocks
5) Traps
6) Timing

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21
Q

A rock capable of generating oil and gas that is rich in Organic Matter that is matured enough to expel oil or gas

A

Source Rock

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22
Q

Material composed of organic molecule in monomeric or polymeric form derived directlly or indirectly from the organic part of organism

A

Organic Matter (OM)

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23
Q

are skeletal parts of organism included in generation of organic matter?

A

NO

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24
Q

the basic process that accomplishes mass production of organic matter on earth which converts light energy to chemical energy by the transfer of H from water to CO2 and produce Glucose and Oxygen
water+Co2+sunlight = glucose + oxgen

A

Photosynthesis

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25
Q

Primary OM producer during the Precambrian to Devonian

A

Marine Phytoplankton

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26
Q

Primary OM producer Devonian Onwards

A

terrestrial sources

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27
Q

Present OM producer

A

Equal

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28
Q

Four most important OM producer (PZHB)

A

Phytoplanktons (Algae)
Zooplanktons (Prostita)
Higher Plants
Bacteria

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29
Q

Controls of OM Production

A

Light
Temp
Chemical Comp. of SeaWater

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30
Q

Which depth or part of the water column in biological productivity concentrated?

A

60-80 merters

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31
Q

Most Biologically productive part of Aqueous Envir

A

Open Seas

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32
Q

Most Biologically productive part of Terrestrial Envi

A

Forests

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33
Q

Favorable envi for OM accumulation and preservatio

A

Lagoons
Estuaries
Deep Basin

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34
Q

A type of Organic Material in Seds that is insoluble in ordinary organic solvents

A

Kerogen

35
Q

Type of Organic Material that is soluble in organic solvents and is the oil part of OM which is mobile
Partially converted kerogen due to high T and and time
Lower Molecular weight than Kerogen

A

Bitumen

36
Q

What is of greatest interest for Pet Geologists?

A

Kerogen - because oil and gas comes from thermal maturity of Kerogen

37
Q

Types of Keorgen (ALEXVITIN)

A

Kerogen

38
Q

I

A

ALGINITE (Algal)

39
Q

II

A

EXINITE (Herbaceous)

40
Q

III

A

VITRINITE (Woody)

41
Q

IV

A

INERTINITE (Eroded or Reworked)

42
Q

Type II composed of Land Plant Cuticle

A

Cutinite

43
Q

Type II composed of Land Plant Resin

A

Resinite

44
Q

Type II composed of Land Plants Lipids and Marine Algae

A

Liptinite

45
Q

First million years characterized by Microbial Activity and Compaction and is the most important stage because it is during this stage that the composition of the kerogen is determined

A

Diageneses

46
Q

Characterized by Continuous burial and increas in temp which ceases microbial activity and in which kerogen undergo further chemical transformation and also the stage in which Oil , Gas and Methane is produced

A

Catagenesis

47
Q

Occurs at much grater depths (15,000 feet) at which kerogen starts to crystallize and coal starts forming anthracite. Methane is mostly produced at this stage necause of cracking of hydrocarbons

A

Metagenesis

48
Q

The extent of time-temp driven reactions that convert sed organic matter to oil, wet gas a

A

Thermal Maturity

49
Q

Most common method to determine thermal maturity by assessing the refelctivity of coal associated with the source rock

A

Vitrinite Reflectance

50
Q

Alteration of coal associated with source rock

A

Thermal Alteration Index

51
Q

Major Source Rocks

A

Shale 65
Carbonates 21
Marl (Carbonate-rich mud) 12
Coal 2

52
Q

The expulsion of generated hydrocarbons from the source rocks to the carrier beds or reservoir rock

A

Migration

53
Q

Migration from source rock to carrier beds which is non reservoir rocks and is the longerst time

A

Primary Migration

54
Q

Migration from carrier beds to the reservoir

A

Secondary Migration

55
Q

Migration from one reservoir to another

A

Tertiary Migration

56
Q

A process of enhancing Porosity and permeablity by injecting HCl thus dissolving the cement of the reservoir

A

Acidization

57
Q

A process in which liquid sand is driven into the reservoir under HIGH Pressure

A

Fracturing or hydraulic fracturing

58
Q

These are rocks that are sufficiently porous and permeable to store hydrocarbons expelled from the source rock

A

Reservoir Rocks

59
Q

Common types of reservoir

A

Sandstones 60%
Limestone 39
Others 1

60
Q

The most important reservoir rocks because majority of grains are hard, stable, insoluble without crystal characteristics in short inert

A

Sandstones

61
Q

Provenance of Sandstones

A

quartz arenite

62
Q

What are the depositional environments of most Sandstone Reservoirs

A

Deltaic Distributaries
Mouth Bars and Channel Sands

63
Q

How much of the worlds’ oil reserve is hosted by Carbonate Reservoir?

A

40%

64
Q

How much of the World’s Gas reserve is hosted by Carbonate Reservoir?

A

30%

65
Q

Cabronate environment deposition

A

Shallow Warm marin TROPICAL environments

66
Q

The commonest Carbonate Depositional Model in which carbonate are deposited on FLANKS of CRATONIC MASS, CONTINENTAL MARGINS or other tectonic depositional feature in VERY SHALLOW MARINE WATER and may accumulate up to sea level when Sedimentation exceeds subsidence

A

Carbonate Shelf model

67
Q

Depositional model wherein there is NO PROMINENT BREAK in slope and facies belt tends to be broader and repreent Earliest depostional stage n the development of Carbonate Shelf model

A

Carbonate Ramp model

68
Q

Homoclinal ramps distally steepened ramps

A

Carbonate Ramps

69
Q

Depositional or acceretionary shelves, by mass marignes and erosional margins

A

Rimmed carbionate Shelves

70
Q

These are non marine carbonates common in lakes and are most important source rocks

A

Lacustrine Carbonates

71
Q

Lacustrine facies characterized by mostly VARVED lime muds and Terrestrial Clays occupying LAKE CENTERS and are rich source rocks for oild

A

Profundal (Gitna)

72
Q

FRINGES(borders) the lake lower amounts of clays higher proportions of Skeletal Carbonates Debris

A

Littoral Carbonates

73
Q

Formed in shallow lakes and marshes in shallow ponds developed o exposed carbonate platforms

A

Fresh-water marl

74
Q

Terrestrial Carbonate settings composed of carbonate grains transported by ONSHORE WINDS ad is primarly coposed of ooids, pelets and froams, with Cross bedding dipping landward

A

Carbonate Dunes

75
Q

Forms in ARID to SEMI ARID alkaline soil zone by recprecipitation of low Mg CaCO3. Evaporation is ivolved and occrus ass vertically zone profiles

A

Caliche

76
Q

Terrestrial Carbonate which forms in Caves or Karst related and indicators of SEA LEVEL DROP

A

Cave Deposits/Speleothems

77
Q

Lithologic unit which impedes the flow of hydrocarbons specfically a rock that has very small pore throats and poorly connected pores to allow the passage of hydrocarbon

A

Seal or Cap Rocks

78
Q

Mjor types of seals

A

Shales 65%
Evaporites 33%
Carboates 2%

79
Q

Most ductile to least ductile

A

Salt
Anhydrite
Shales-Keroge rich
Silt shales
Carbonate mudtsones
Cherts

80
Q

TRAPS

A

please see separate tab

81
Q

Why is timing important

A

Trap myst be formed before or during the migration of hydrocarbons

82
Q

Why is fracture detrimental on a seal?

A

Because a single small fractures can leak off million barrels of oils in thousand of years which can drain the field

83
Q

Rocks with reservoir qualities that ABUT the reservoir and will drain the reservoir of the hydrocarbon

A

Thief Beds

84
Q

What is the effects of biodegration to oil

A

It will make the oil heavy

GLE 2024 (Day 3) (48 decks)

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