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GLE 2024 (Day 3) > GEOCHEMISTRY PART 2 > Flashcards

GEOCHEMISTRY PART 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Heirarchy of Heavnly Bodies

A

Cluster of Galaxies
Galaxies
Stars,Pulsars, Black Holes
Planets
Satellites
Comets
Asteroids
Meteoroids
Dust Particles
Molecules
Atoms of H and He

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2
Q

An evidence of Bigbang wherein the further away a galaxy is the more red shifted their emitted light is

A

Red Shift (Dopple Effect)

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3
Q

The energy of radiation produced at a specific wavelength when the universe was at temperatures greater than 3000K

A

Cosmic Microwave Background Radition

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4
Q

The basic unit in the cosmological heirarchy

A

Star

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5
Q

Diagram use to show the temperature of the star (x) as a function of its luminosity (y)

A

Hertzsprung russel Diagram
The bluer the Bigger the hotter

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6
Q

Stars produced by CONTRACTION of INTERSTELLAR GASES resulting in increase in temperature. Energy production by Hydrogen Fusion becomes possible to produce the star

A

Main Sequence Star

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7
Q

High Luminosity and high temperature Stars

A

Blue Giants

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8
Q

Stars less Massive than the sun

A

Red Dwarfs

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9
Q

Bigger than the Sun and is formed by depletion of H in the core during the main phase, the energy production shifted from the core to the outer shell

A

Red Giants

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10
Q

End stage of stellar evolution contraction leads to the increase in core temperature and eventually explodes to form supernoca

A

Pulsars (Nuetron Stars), White Dwarf, Blackholes

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11
Q

The Sun is what type of Star?

A

Yellow Dwarf Main Sequence

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12
Q

The process of making atoms or molecules and the theory that explains the complexation of materials from the simple structure of H and Deuterium H2

A

Nucleosynthesis

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13
Q

Most abundant Isotopes in the Universe

A

H and He

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14
Q

The abudnace of the first 50 Elements (Decreaseses, Increases), (Logarithmically, Exponentially)

A

Decreases Exponentially

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15
Q

Why are the abudnaces of the elements higher than 50 are ver low?

A

Because they are only produced during supernova

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16
Q

What is the oddo harkins effect?

A

Elements with even atomic numbers are more abundant than their immediate odd numbered neigbors

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17
Q

Isotopes or elements that do not occur in the solar system because their isotopes are unstable and thus decay rapidly

A

Tc and Pm

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18
Q

Elemens having atomic number greater than this element have no stable isotopes but still occur naturally at very low abundances because they are the daughters of long-lived radioactive isotopes of U and Th

A

83 Bismuth (Bi)

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19
Q

Theory of solar system formation which states that the Sun and the planets are formed by the collapse of clouds of gas and dust which accompanied by accretion and differentiation

A

Solar Nebular Hypothesis

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20
Q

Diffuse Mass of intersetallar gas and dust

A

Solar Nebula

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21
Q

States that condensates accreted to form larger bodies as a result of selective adhesion caused by electrostatic and magnetic force

A

Planetisimal Theory

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22
Q

Who proposed the Planetisimal theory?

A

Viktor Safronov

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23
Q

Planets that are nearer the sun have:

A

Higher Temperature
Elements with higher melting Temp
Thin Atmosphere
Less mass and weaker Gravitational pull
Higher density

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24
Q

Plantes that are farther from the sun are mostl composed of

A

Methane amonia and water and other volatiles
Lower density but larger

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25
Q

The phenomenon where H and He are so light that they’re espcaing the atmosphere

A

Jeans Effect

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26
Q

Volatile rich planetisimals that are composed of water, ammonia methan e and other volatiles

A

Cometisimals

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27
Q

Icy Bodies beyond neptune including pluto

A

Kuiper Belt

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28
Q

Source of long period comets and may be made of icy bodies

A

Oort Cloud

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29
Q

Common Minerals in metorites

A

Kamacite and Taenite (Fe-Ni)
Pyroxene esp Bronzite
Olivince (Pallasite)
Plagioclase

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30
Q

Kinds of Meteorites

A

Iron
Stones
Stony Iron

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31
Q

Predominanty Kamacite and Taenite w/ minor of other minerals such as Troilite (FeS)

A

Magmatic Iron/ Iron Meteorites

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32
Q

Type of Iron Meteorites

A

Hexahedrite
Octahedrite (w/Widsmantatten)
Ataxite

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33
Q

Exsolution features in meteorites

A

Widsmanttaten

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34
Q

Meteorites that are chiefly silicates and mostly ferromagnesisa up to 1/4 Fe-Ni

A

Stone Meteorites

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35
Q

Types of Stone meteorites compose chiefly of silicates such as olivine pyroxene and plagiolcaise and contains boulder size round bodies called Chondrules

A

Chondrites

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36
Q

Most primitive chondrites w/ high content of volatiles including water and non bioenic carbon and have the same composition as that of the Sun

A

Carbonaceous Chondrite

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37
Q

Most abundant Meteorite

A

Oridinary Chondrite

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38
Q

Type of Chrondrite composed of Mg Pyx

A

Enstatite Chrondrite

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39
Q

Type of Stony Meteorite that has no Chondrules and has the same composition as terrestrial mafic and Ultramafic rocks are mostly breccias said to be derived from the crusts of planetisimals

A

Achondrites

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40
Q

Meteorites containing EQUAL amounts of silicates and Ni-Fe allows

A

Stony Iron

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41
Q

Meteorite mostly compose of olivine

A

Pallasite

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42
Q

Meterite composed of Pyx and Plag

A

Mesosiderite

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43
Q

contains nearly all the mass of an atoms accounting for only one ten thousandths of its iameter

A

Nucleus

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44
Q

How much more massive is Prtons than Electrons?

A

1825X

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45
Q

denotes different atomic forms characterized by a distinct combination of protons and neutrons of which only 279 are stable

A

Nuclide

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46
Q

Elements with anomalously low abundance due to them being consumed during stellar nucleosynthesis

A

Li, Be, B

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47
Q

the most pronounced peak in terms of abundance is at

A

26Fe

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48
Q

Isotopes with Mass Number which are multiples of (4,5,6 or 7) have enhanced abundance

A

4 (Alpha Partucle Mass Number)

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49
Q

How to Eliminate Oddo Harkins Effect?

A

Normalize

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50
Q

Most Primirive Meteorite on Earth that is used as standard

A

Chondrite-1

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51
Q

Play a crucial role by overcoming repuulsive forces between protons thus binding the nucleus to a tight structural unit

A

Nuetron

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52
Q

Number of Proton in an atom of an element

A

Atomnic Number

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53
Q

Proton plus Nuetron

A

Atomic Mass

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54
Q

What is Atomic Weight?

A

Sum of the masses of the naturally occuring isotopes weighted in accordance to their abudances (Sum of (Atomic Mass*Weighted Abundance)

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55
Q

Variations in atomic mass due to difference in the number of NEUTRONS of an element (Proton same, Nuetron not same, Mass (sum) not same)

A

Isotopes (diff Mass number, diff neutron)
(P for Constant Proton)

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56
Q

Nuclides having CONSTANT MASS NUMBER but DIFFERENT ATOMIC NUMBER (Proton) (Proton not same,Nuetron Same, mass same)

A

Isotones (Same Mass Number, Diff Proton)
(N for Constant Neutron)

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57
Q

Nuclides having the SAME ATOMIC MASS but different atomic number and neutorn number (Mass SAME, Proton and Nuetron NOT SAME)

A

Isobars (Same Mass Number, Diff Proton and Neutron)

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58
Q

A region surrounding the nucleus occupied by electrons having approximately same energy

A

Electron Shell

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59
Q

A process by which charge deficiencies result from the subsitution of ions of unequal charges that must be compensated by a second substitution involving an ion having a different charge
(Charge Defienciency needs second subsitution)

A

Couples Substitution

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60
Q

A process of compensating for excess charge by ions ataching on the charges surfaces of small ions and is usually displayed by clay minerals (ATTACHING ON THE SURFACE)

A

Adsorption

61
Q

A type of substitution which occurs if a Minor Element has the same charge and atomic radius as the major element it is replacing

A

Camouflage (Zr+4 to Hf+4 in Zircon (ZrSiO4)

62
Q

A type of substitution that takes place when an ion of higher ionic potential enters a crystal preferentially over the ions of a major elements that have lower ionic potential

63
Q

Inolves entry of foreign ion that has a lower ionic potential because it has either lower charge or larger radius than the ion of the major element. The higher the difference the lesser the extent of substitution

64
Q

State that posses lowest possible potential energy for the mineral

65
Q

State in which the mineral has the highest potential energy

66
Q

State that requires an energy hurdle to put I the most stable form or at lower potential energy

67
Q

Energy required for transformation to take place and is represented by the height of the energy hurdle

A

Activation Energy

68
Q

Shows the ranges of stability in pressure-temperature space for any possible physical, chemical or mineralogical parameters

A

Phase Stability Diagram

69
Q

Areas representing the range of applied pressure and temperature in which a mineral may exist in its most stable form

A

Stability Fields

70
Q

The line separating various stability fields and defines a restricted set of circumstance under which the separated phase may exist in equilibrium

A

Phase Boundary

71
Q

heat dynamics and is concerned on the free energy changes associated with chemical equilibrium between phases and provides tools for working out w/c mineral assemblages will be stable under which conditions

A

Thermodynamics

72
Q

Deals with the mechanics of the reaction that lead to equilibrium and the rates at which they occur

A

Chemical Kinetics

73
Q

A part or part of the system occupying a specific volume and having uniform physical and chemical characteristics which distinguishes it from the other parts of the system (State of Matter)

74
Q

comprise the minmimum number of chemical species (Atoms and Molecules) required to specify completely the compositions of all the phase present

75
Q

State of heat balance in a system

A

Thermal Equilibrium

76
Q

Distribution of components among phases of a system has become contstant which shows no net chane with time

A

Chemical Equilibrium

77
Q

State when diffusion rates in and out of the crystal are unequal thus there’s a net change of composition of each phase with time

A

Disequilibrium

78
Q

a formula whch expresses the number of phases that can coexist in mutual equilibrium in terms of number oc components, variance and number of factors

A

Phase Rule

79
Q

Whats the Gibbs Phase Rule?

A

P+F = C+2 (No. of Factors)

80
Q

Triple junction of Aluminum Sillicates

A

3.8K bar 503

81
Q

locus or a curve below hich a given substance is completely solid

82
Q

Locus of a curve above which a given substance is completely liquid and the maximum temp at which crystals can coexist with melt

83
Q

Point on a phase where the max number of allowable phases exist in equlibrium and is an invariant point

Represents the composition of the first melt

A

Eutectic point (Invariant)

84
Q

Point at which reaction takes place between a previsoulsy precipitated phase and the liquid or melt to produce a new solid phase

A

Peritectic Point (Invariant)

85
Q

Melting wherein phase melts to a liquid with the same composition of the solid

A

Congruent Melting (Water)

86
Q

Melting wherein a phase melts to a liquid ith a composition different from the solid and produces a solid of different composition to the original solid

A

Incongruent Melting (Basalt)

87
Q

A process in which a solid soln phase unmixes into two separate solid state

A

Exsolution

88
Q

the locus on a phase diagram indicating limits of solubility of one solid phase in another and on which homogenous solid unmixes into several phases

89
Q

> 1% in abundance and has direct effect on the material when it changes

A

Major Element

90
Q

Occur at concentration between 1-0.1%

A

Minor Element

91
Q

Occur at concentration between <0.1%

A

Trace Element

92
Q

The time by which a trace element stays in a particular solution

A

Residence Time

93
Q

Units of Trace Element Concentration (mass of solute/Mass of soln)

A

ppm (10^6) ppb (10^9)

94
Q

Examples of Trace element

A

1) REEs
2) PGEs (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)
3) Transition Metals

95
Q

Ions that do not fit into the structure of the rock forming minerals or minerals precipitating in the magma and therefore accumulate in the residual magma

A

Incompatible Elements

96
Q

Where are Incompatible Elements usually disovered on field

A

Aplite Dikes, Pegmatites, Hydrothermal Veins

97
Q

Elements which can easily fit in the mineral structure

A

Compatible Elements

98
Q

Nernst Partitioning Coefficient of Incompatible Elemens

99
Q

Nernst Partitioning Coefficient of Compatible Elements

100
Q

For Dilute Solutions, Partitioning Formula is equal to

101
Q

Factors affecting K (Partioning Coefficient)

A

1) Concentration of the systm (More Silicic more Incom)
2) Pressure
3) Temperature

102
Q

Types of Incompatble elements that have High Charge but smaller ionic Radius

A

HFSEs (REEs, Th, U, Ce, Pb, Zr, Hf, Ti, Nb, Ta)

103
Q

Type of incompatible elements that have large ionic radius but low charge

A

LILEs (K, Rb, Cs, Ba, Pb, Se, Eu)

104
Q

A set of 17 elements (15 lanthanides +Sc and Y) and is named not because thay are rare but are unsual to find in significant quantities enough to support economic mineral devt

A

Rare Earth Elements

105
Q

LREEs

A

La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd
(Screening Last Christmas, Peter nd Paul Saw Europe’s gateway

106
Q

HREEs

A

Y, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu

107
Q

Magma derived from the Mantle

A

Primitive Magma

108
Q

Fo# of such magma

109
Q

Mg# of Such magma

110
Q

Cr# of such magma

111
Q

the first magma to be derived from the primitive magma and can be classified as parental which is derived primarily by partial melting of the same source and have no chracteristics that reflect the subsequent effects of differentiation

A

Primary Magma

112
Q

A magma where other magmas are derived and is not necessesarily primitive or primary

A

Parental Magma

113
Q

Mod -High Rb/Sr

A

Continental Crust Derived

114
Q

Low to zero Rb/Sr

A

Upper Mantle Derived

115
Q

Rb is incompatible wirh

116
Q

What type of rock has High Rb

117
Q

What type of rock has High Sr

118
Q

Between Sm and Nd which is more compatible to melt (or incompatible with the rock)

119
Q

Higher Sm/Nd implied that

A

Evolution of Depleted Mantle (Source is deplete Mantle)

120
Q

Lowe Sm/Nd implies that

A

Evolution of an enrhicched mantle or melt

121
Q

What type of rock has signature of hig Sm/Nd (High Sm)

122
Q

What type of rock has signature of low Sm/Nd (High Nd)

123
Q

Signature of Granite

A

High Rb and Nd

124
Q

Signature of Basalt

A

High Sm and Sr

125
Q

shows the Fe:Mg in a rock

A

Magnesium Number

126
Q

High NiO (Nickel Oxide) implies

A

Mantle Origin (melt compatible)

127
Q

Low NiO implies

A

Cumulate melt

128
Q

High TiO2 implies

A

MOR Derived (Tholeeitic)

129
Q

Low TiO2 implies

A

Island Arc Derived (Calc-Alkaline)

130
Q

Oldest discrimantion Diagram

A

Harker Diagram (Alfred Harker, 1909)

131
Q

Evolutionary sequence of Alkaline Magmas

A

Alkali Basaly > TrachyBasalt > TrachyAndesite > Trachyte/Phonolite

132
Q

Eveolutionary sequence of Calc Alkaline

A

Basalt >Andesite >Dacite> Rhyolite

133
Q

a diagram which correlates alkali and silica content with the rock name

A

TAS Diagram

134
Q

Separates subalkaline from the alkaline fields at Low P and serves as Activation Energy which can not be crossed just by fractional crystallization

A

Therma Divide

135
Q

Anomaly when Plagioclase forms

A

Europum Anomaly

136
Q

Type of Magma with elevated Trace Elements but low in Cs, Ba and K

137
Q

Type of magma which is high in Ba, K, Cs and low in Ti

A

Calc Alkaline

138
Q

Low Trace Elements and Uniform in composition (Increasing in less incompatible)

139
Q

Granet fractionates to

A

HREE (Heavy REEs) thus High Rees in the melt siginified presence of Garnet

140
Q

Ni, Co

A

Compatible with Olivine

141
Q

Cr

A

Compatible with Spinel and Opx

142
Q

High Ni,Co, and Cr implied that

A

Mantle source
Limited Fractionation
Crystal Accumulation

143
Q

Zr and Hf

A

May Raplace Ti in titanite or rutile
Implies exensive liquid evolution or enriched source

144
Q

Nb and Ta

A

Partitions w/ Ti-Rich phases (Titanite, Ilmenite, Rutile and Ti-Amphiboles)
Low conc in Subduction Related metls (Calc Alkaline)

145
Q

PGEs (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)

A

?Siderophiles
?used in Melting and crystallization studies of Mafic and Ultramafics
?hosted by sulfides
?Re/Os applie to mantle evolution and mafic melt processes

146
Q

Sc

A

?Concentrates in PYX and can be use an indicator of pyroxene fractionation

147
Q

Sr

A

?Substitutes for Ca in plag but not in pyx
?Also subs for K in K felds
?Compatible at Low P where plag forms early
?Incompatible at High P where plag is not stable

148
Q

REEs

A

?Garnet favors HREEs
?Hbld and Opx also do so but a lesser degree
?Titanite and Plag favor LREEs
?Eu is strongly partitioned to Plag (That?s why may anomaly kasi kinoconsume sya ni Plag pag nagfoform)

149
Q

Y

A

?Incompayinle
?Strongly partitioned to garnet and Amphibole
?Titantie and Apatite also concentrate Y

GLE 2024 (Day 3) (48 decks)

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