COAL Flashcards
Coal
?C135H96O9NS
?Altered remains of lush vegetations
?5-350Ma
Maceral
?Carbonaceous materials evolved from Botanical Components of the Initial Vegetative Debris during Coalification
Humic Coals
?In situ formed
?Woody Plant Material
Sapropelic
?Transported or deposited from suspension
?Algae, Spores and Comminuted (pinaghiwahiwalay) na plant debris
Wetland
?An Area partially or Fully sumberhed in water most or all of the year
Water in Swamp must be
?Stagnant and Acidic
How do peat beds form?
?As plant materials dies, and fell to the bottom of the swamp, it partially decayed by bacteria forming thick peat beds which is buried by thousand of feet of sediments to be converted to Coal
Swamps
?Wetland in which dominant plants are woody trees
?Primary producer of peat that becomes Coal
Brackishwater
Intermediate Salinity between Freshwater and Seawater
Coal Depositional Environments
1) Back barrier
2) Delta Plain
3) Fluvial
Marshes
?Around, streams, or ocean where grasses and reeds are common. NO trees.
Bogs
wetland of enclosed depression filled by rain water
Mosses dominated
Acidic
Fens
Wetland fed by steady source of groundwater
Process of Converting Peat to Coal
Coalification
Coal Classification is based on?
Quality and Rank
In sequence Coal Ranks
Peat
Lignite
Subbit
Bit
Anthracite
Temp at which coalification starts at?
100 dec C
What volatiles are driven off during such process?
Oxygen, Hydrogen and Water
What happens to organic matter during coalification?
It becomes enriched in Fixed Carbon
Phases of Coal Formation
Peat Formation - Bacteria Decay
Phase 1: Aerobic Decay (w/ oxy)
Phase 2: Anaerobic Decay (w/ oxy)
Phase 3: Coalification @ 3K ft
Geological Phases of Coal Fomation
1) Microbial Stage
2) Biochemical Stage
3) Geochemical Stage
Macerals
2microns - several cm iin diameter
Non cyrstalline
Coal Petrography
Systematic, microscopic study and qauntification of the proportion and characteristics of coal constituents
Reflectance
The proportion of direct incident light that is reflected from a plane polished surface under specified conditions of illumination
Maceral Groups (very small individual components)
Origin
- Vitrinite
Wood
- Inertinite
Burnt, oxidized, degraded
2.1 Fusinite
Woody Tissues
2.1 Sclerotinite
Fungi
2.2 Micrinite
Polymerized Resin
- Liptinite
Spores, Cuticles and resins
3.1 Sporinite
Spores
3.2 Cutinite
Cuticle
3.3. Resinite
Resin
3.4 Alganite
Algae
Lithotypes (Hand Specimen)
Microlithotypes (Microscopic)
Vitrain
Vitrite
Fusain
Fusite
Durain
Durite
Clarain
Clarite
Volatile Matter
components that are driven off as gases or vapors (Except moisture) at high temp in the absence of air (H, O, CO, Methane, and other HCs)
Fixed Carbon
Solid combustible residue that remains after coal particles is heated and the volatile matters is expelled
Calorific Value
potential for energy production of coal
Heat Valu
As received basis (ar)
“as sample”; data are expressed as percentages of Coal including total moisture content
Air-dried basis (adb)
data expressed when coal was air dried and includes inherent moisture
Dry basis (dry)
Moisture is not included in data
Dry-ash Free (daf)
coal is considered to be consist of volatile matter and fixed carbon when mositure and ash is removed
Ash
?unburnable part of coal
?often sand and clay blown into swamps or brought by river or tides
Trace Elements
?Sodium - causes ash to repcipitate on the Boilers
?Sulfur - released as SO2 when burning coals which can makes up 60% acid rain (H2SO4)
?Phosphorous - causes slagging in boilers
?Chlorides, Nitrates and Sulfates - Corrosion in the boilers
?Arsenic - poisonous and present it most coals at ppb
Exploration for Coal
1) Geologic Mapping - Anticlines and Synclines
2) Core Drilling - measuring apparent thickness
3) Geophysics - Mini-sosie high resln
Reflection Seismiec survey
Coals are strng reflectors
Borehole logging - sonde can detect coal interval
Most impt geophysical property of coal - density - VERY LOW DENSITY
Mining for Coal
1) Open Pit - Coal is near the surface
2) Underground - coal is deep below the surface longwall mining methods
Common Mine Dangerous Gases
Why is it important to ventilate underground mine?
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
Cless,
odorleess,
Heavier than air
acidic taste at high conc
CO Carbon Monoxide
Most dangerous
Cless
tasteless
lighter than air
Flammable
H2 Hydrogen
Cless
Reactive w/ can form explosive mixtures
Lighter than air
CH4 Methane
Very Flammable
Cless
Odourless
Tasteless
Lighter than air
Largest component of fire damp
NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide
Reddish Brown in high conc
Acrid or Bleach odour
Non Flammable
Heavier than Air
Firedamp
Flammable gas found in Coal Mines particularly when coal is bituminous
Primary Use of Coal
Generating Electricity
Coking Coal
aka Metallurgical Coal, used to create coke, a solid residue remianing after bituminous coals are heated at high temp out of contact with air which is essential fuel and reactant in the blast furnace
Coal Resource
2,280 MMT
Coal Reserve
414 MMT
How much of the mineable reserve is in semirara
~108MMT
Coal Regions in the Philippines
Resource
Cagayan Valley
336 MMT
Mindoro
100 MMT
Semirara
550 MMT
Surigao
209 MMT
Davao
100 MMT
Saranggani
120 MMT
S.Cotabato
230 MMT
Maguindanao
108 MMT
Sultan Kudarat
300 MMT
Bulk of Coal in the Ph
Subit C and B
w/ 70% low heating value (9000 Btu/lbl) ar
Coal Regions in the Philippines under PD 972
Cagayan Region
Major Coal Blocks by Wardell Armstrong and BED (1985)
Luzon Block
TYPE OF COAL
AREA OR DISTRICT
High Vol. A Bituminous - Semi Anthracite
Catanduanes
Subit C - High Vol C. Bituminous
Cebu
Subit C-A
Quezon Pollilo
Subit C-B
Davao Oriental
Lignite - Subit C
Isabela-Cagayan Area
Peat - Lignite B
Samar-Leyte
