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GLE 2024 (Day 3) > COAL > Flashcards

COAL Flashcards

1
Q

Coal

A

?C135H96O9NS
?Altered remains of lush vegetations
?5-350Ma

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2
Q

Maceral

A

?Carbonaceous materials evolved from Botanical Components of the Initial Vegetative Debris during Coalification

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3
Q

Humic Coals

A

?In situ formed
?Woody Plant Material

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4
Q

Sapropelic

A

?Transported or deposited from suspension
?Algae, Spores and Comminuted (pinaghiwahiwalay) na plant debris

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5
Q

Wetland

A

?An Area partially or Fully sumberhed in water most or all of the year

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6
Q

Water in Swamp must be

A

?Stagnant and Acidic

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7
Q

How do peat beds form?

A

?As plant materials dies, and fell to the bottom of the swamp, it partially decayed by bacteria forming thick peat beds which is buried by thousand of feet of sediments to be converted to Coal

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8
Q

Swamps

A

?Wetland in which dominant plants are woody trees
?Primary producer of peat that becomes Coal

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9
Q

Brackishwater

A

Intermediate Salinity between Freshwater and Seawater

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10
Q

Coal Depositional Environments

A

1) Back barrier
2) Delta Plain
3) Fluvial

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11
Q

Marshes

A

?Around, streams, or ocean where grasses and reeds are common. NO trees.

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12
Q

Bogs

A

wetland of enclosed depression filled by rain water
Mosses dominated
Acidic

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13
Q

Fens

A

Wetland fed by steady source of groundwater

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14
Q

Process of Converting Peat to Coal

A

Coalification

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15
Q

Coal Classification is based on?

A

Quality and Rank

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16
Q

In sequence Coal Ranks

A

Peat
Lignite
Subbit
Bit
Anthracite

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17
Q

Temp at which coalification starts at?

A

100 dec C

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18
Q

What volatiles are driven off during such process?

A

Oxygen, Hydrogen and Water

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19
Q

What happens to organic matter during coalification?

A

It becomes enriched in Fixed Carbon

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20
Q

Phases of Coal Formation

A

Peat Formation - Bacteria Decay
Phase 1: Aerobic Decay (w/ oxy)
Phase 2: Anaerobic Decay (w/ oxy)
Phase 3: Coalification @ 3K ft

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21
Q

Geological Phases of Coal Fomation

A

1) Microbial Stage
2) Biochemical Stage
3) Geochemical Stage

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22
Q

Macerals

A

2microns - several cm iin diameter
Non cyrstalline

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23
Q

Coal Petrography

A

Systematic, microscopic study and qauntification of the proportion and characteristics of coal constituents

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24
Q

Reflectance

A

The proportion of direct incident light that is reflected from a plane polished surface under specified conditions of illumination

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25
Q

Maceral Groups (very small individual components)

A

Origin

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26
Q
  1. Vitrinite
A

Wood

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27
Q
  1. Inertinite
A

Burnt, oxidized, degraded

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28
Q

2.1 Fusinite

A

Woody Tissues

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29
Q

2.1 Sclerotinite

A

Fungi

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30
Q

2.2 Micrinite

A

Polymerized Resin

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31
Q
  1. Liptinite
A

Spores, Cuticles and resins

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32
Q

3.1 Sporinite

A

Spores

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33
Q

3.2 Cutinite

A

Cuticle

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34
Q

3.3. Resinite

A

Resin

35
Q

3.4 Alganite

A

Algae

36
Q

Lithotypes (Hand Specimen)

A

Microlithotypes (Microscopic)

37
Q

Vitrain

A

Vitrite

38
Q

Fusain

A

Fusite

39
Q

Durain

A

Durite

40
Q

Clarain

A

Clarite

41
Q

Volatile Matter

A

components that are driven off as gases or vapors (Except moisture) at high temp in the absence of air (H, O, CO, Methane, and other HCs)

42
Q

Fixed Carbon

A

Solid combustible residue that remains after coal particles is heated and the volatile matters is expelled

43
Q

Calorific Value

A

potential for energy production of coal
Heat Valu

44
Q

As received basis (ar)

A

“as sample”; data are expressed as percentages of Coal including total moisture content

45
Q

Air-dried basis (adb)

A

data expressed when coal was air dried and includes inherent moisture

46
Q

Dry basis (dry)

A

Moisture is not included in data

47
Q

Dry-ash Free (daf)

A

coal is considered to be consist of volatile matter and fixed carbon when mositure and ash is removed

48
Q

Ash

A

?unburnable part of coal
?often sand and clay blown into swamps or brought by river or tides

49
Q

Trace Elements

A

?Sodium - causes ash to repcipitate on the Boilers
?Sulfur - released as SO2 when burning coals which can makes up 60% acid rain (H2SO4)
?Phosphorous - causes slagging in boilers
?Chlorides, Nitrates and Sulfates - Corrosion in the boilers
?Arsenic - poisonous and present it most coals at ppb

50
Q

Exploration for Coal

A

1) Geologic Mapping - Anticlines and Synclines
2) Core Drilling - measuring apparent thickness
3) Geophysics - Mini-sosie high resln
Reflection Seismiec survey
Coals are strng reflectors
Borehole logging - sonde can detect coal interval
Most impt geophysical property of coal - density - VERY LOW DENSITY

51
Q

Mining for Coal

A

1) Open Pit - Coal is near the surface
2) Underground - coal is deep below the surface longwall mining methods

52
Q

Common Mine Dangerous Gases

A

Why is it important to ventilate underground mine?

53
Q

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

A

Cless,
odorleess,
Heavier than air
acidic taste at high conc

54
Q

CO Carbon Monoxide

A

Most dangerous
Cless
tasteless
lighter than air
Flammable

55
Q

H2 Hydrogen

A

Cless
Reactive w/ can form explosive mixtures
Lighter than air

56
Q

CH4 Methane

A

Very Flammable
Cless
Odourless
Tasteless
Lighter than air
Largest component of fire damp

57
Q

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

A

Reddish Brown in high conc
Acrid or Bleach odour
Non Flammable
Heavier than Air

58
Q

Firedamp

A

Flammable gas found in Coal Mines particularly when coal is bituminous

59
Q

Primary Use of Coal

A

Generating Electricity

60
Q

Coking Coal

A

aka Metallurgical Coal, used to create coke, a solid residue remianing after bituminous coals are heated at high temp out of contact with air which is essential fuel and reactant in the blast furnace

61
Q

Coal Resource

A

2,280 MMT

62
Q

Coal Reserve

A

414 MMT

63
Q

How much of the mineable reserve is in semirara

A

~108MMT

64
Q

Coal Regions in the Philippines

A

Resource

65
Q

Cagayan Valley

A

336 MMT

66
Q

Mindoro

A

100 MMT

67
Q

Semirara

A

550 MMT

68
Q

Surigao

A

209 MMT

69
Q

Davao

A

100 MMT

70
Q

Saranggani

A

120 MMT

71
Q

S.Cotabato

A

230 MMT

72
Q

Maguindanao

A

108 MMT

73
Q

Sultan Kudarat

A

300 MMT

74
Q

Bulk of Coal in the Ph

A

Subit C and B
w/ 70% low heating value (9000 Btu/lbl) ar

75
Q

Coal Regions in the Philippines under PD 972

A

Cagayan Region

76
Q

Major Coal Blocks by Wardell Armstrong and BED (1985)

A

Luzon Block

77
Q

TYPE OF COAL

A

AREA OR DISTRICT

78
Q

High Vol. A Bituminous - Semi Anthracite

A

Catanduanes

79
Q

Subit C - High Vol C. Bituminous

A

Cebu

80
Q

Subit C-A

A

Quezon Pollilo

81
Q

Subit C-B

A

Davao Oriental

82
Q

Lignite - Subit C

A

Isabela-Cagayan Area

83
Q

Peat - Lignite B

A

Samar-Leyte

GLE 2024 (Day 3) (48 decks)

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