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GLE 2024 (Day 3) > GEOPHYSICS > Flashcards

GEOPHYSICS Flashcards

1
Q

What is processes of scientific method?

A

Observation - Defining the Problem - Hypothesis formulation - Experiment - Conclusion

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2
Q

A systmetic and interdiciplinary area of study that includes both applied and theoretical spects of human impact on the world

A

Envi Sci

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3
Q

What is a baseline data?

A

Description of the system in its normal or original state, used to determine the effects of human intervention

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4
Q

Preservationist vs conservasionist

A

Preservationists does not want to use resources, Conservationist use resources but want to secure sustainability

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5
Q

What are the different aspects of envi issues?

A

Scientific and Technical, Socieconomic, and Ethical

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6
Q

Any undersirable changes in the characteristics of air water soil, or foods that have adverse effects on health and survival of life forms

A

Pollution

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7
Q

What is sustainable devt?

A

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromision the ability to meet the needs of the future generations

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8
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

Optimum number of a species individual that can survive in a specific area over time

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9
Q

What is the relationship between production and resource availability?

A

a much efficient production will result to more resource availability

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10
Q

What is ecology?

A

Stidy of the home, the inertaction among organisms and between theri phy. envi. which provides tool which can be effective in tackling envi problems

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11
Q

He coined Ecology in 1869

A

German Biologist Ernst Haeckel

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12
Q

He coined Ecosystems in 1935

A

Sir Arthur Tansley

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13
Q

What is ecosystem?

A

Interactions between biological organisms and their physical envir

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14
Q

What is principle of emergent property?

A

New properties emerge that were not present at the lower levels which results from the functional interction between components

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15
Q

Requirements of ecosystem

A

One way flow of Energy and Cycling of Matter

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16
Q

Explain the law of thermodynamics in relation to ecosystem

A

The more energy we use, the more heat we add to the environment

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17
Q

relate law of conservation of matter to ecosystem

A

The things we throw away is still here with us

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18
Q

Where can carbon originate?

A

From weathering of terrestrial rocks

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19
Q

Differentiate Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrification

A

Nitrogen fixation is the ocnvertion to ammonia while Nitrification converts NH4 to Nitrite

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20
Q

How do humans contribute to Nitrogen increase?

A

By using fertilizers

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21
Q

What are the sources of Phosphorous?

A

weathering of rocks, and Guano which became part of marine seds

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22
Q

The totality of all species on earth and the ecosystem where they thrive

A

Biodiversity

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23
Q

Why is the Philippines one of the mega biodiversity of the world?

A

We are part of the circum pacific belt, with subduction zones, trenches and faults and volcanism produces rich productive soil and mineral resources.Rich limestones,

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24
Q

What does endemic species mean?

A

Species found only in a particular area only and nowhere else

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25
Q

What are the anthropogenic causes of extinction of organisms?

A

Destruction of Habitat, commercial products and live specimens, Introduction of alien species

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26
Q

The generation of different igneous rock from single primary magma

A

Magmatic Differentiation

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27
Q

Why are magmatic areas are the most fertile areas in the world?

A

Magma contains major elements requred for plant growth , P Ca, Mg, S

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28
Q

How is Geothermal Energy generated?

A

The head from the magma heats the underground water which are tapped by well to warm houses and run turbines

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29
Q

What is the general sequence of sedimentation?

A

Weathering, Erosion, tranpo, Deposi, Lithi

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30
Q

Term used for earth porcesses were large masses of rocks and or earth mats spontaneously move downward either slowly or quickly by gravity

A

mass Movement

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31
Q

Force acting on the materials to move exceeding the shear sthrenth of mats

A

Gravity

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32
Q

Geologic factors leading to mass movement?

A

Active Seismicity, Faults, Rock types

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33
Q

Geomophological factors leading to mass mvmt?

A

slope steepness, stream gradient, Relief or elevtaion, stream valley configuration

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34
Q

Climatological factors?

A

Tropical weathering, Typhoons and high rain fall

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35
Q

Anthropogenic factors?

A

Road Building,Deforestations

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36
Q

A term used to describe both sudden slip on a fault and the resulting ground shaking and raduated seismic energy or volcanic and magmatic activity or sudden stress change within the earth

A

Earthquakes

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37
Q

What are long waves

A

Surface waves

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38
Q

differentiate intensity and magnitude

A

Intensity measures the perception and uses the mercalli scale while magnitude measures the energy released and uses the richter scale

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39
Q

What law implements guidelines on Engg geological and geohazard assesement as additional requirement for ecc applications covering subdivisions, housing and other land dev’t and infrastructure projects?

A

DENR DAO 2000-28 (EGGAR)

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40
Q

This use the geologic fundamentalss an princeiples in the investigation and evaluation of naturally occuring rocks and soil for the use in the design of civil works

A

Engineering geol

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41
Q

Refer to natural and man induced geol processes that have potential to cause destruction and posse a threat or risk to mans life and property

A

geohazards

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42
Q

What MGB memo cicrular includes details of EGGAR?

A

MGB Memo Circular no.2000-23

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43
Q

What does EGGAR stands for?

A

Engineering Geolological and Geohazard Assesment Report (EGGAR)

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44
Q

What are the inclusions of EGGAR?

A
  1. Gen Info of the Project 2. Regional Setting 3. Site Geology w/c includes Topography, Hyrology, Bedrock Lithology, Surfucual Deposits and Structural Feature. 4. Hazard Assesments 5. Conclusions and Recommendations (Specialized studies, monitoring, mitiating measures)
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45
Q

What are some ways of managing natural disasters?

A

Adequate info and Tech, Zoning Restrictions and Improved Structures, Proper prediction and Monitoring, warning and evacuation systems

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46
Q

What is the breakdown of the water resources of the world?

A

97% Seawater 3% freshwater of which 1% is usable and 2% is frozen

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47
Q

How does geology affects Global water Budget?

A

Geol Settings influences the local availabilty and access to water thus even though water is renewable, local supplied may be inadequate due to geological barriers

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48
Q

What is the primary source of Freshwater supply?

A

Groundwater

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49
Q

Differentiate Confined and unconfined Aquifers

A

Confined Aqs, are beneficial to freshwater needs unconfined aquifer can be contaminated

50
Q

Factors which affect the storage and movement of Gwater?

A

Porosity, Permeability, Recharge, amt of extraction defined by Cone of depression, Sink Holes

51
Q

Cadmium toxicity associated with acid mine drainage

A

Itai Itai disease

52
Q

What are the monitoring paremeters of Water

A

Dissolved O2, Bio. O2 demand, pH, color, turbidity/suspended solids, Heavy metals. temp, pathogens

53
Q

Lethal pH in water

A

Below 6.8 and above 8.4

54
Q

What are groundwater problems?

A

Water table lowering-depletion of resources, Depletion, Land Subsidence, Saltwater INstrusion, Chemical Contamination, Reduced stream flows

55
Q

Pollution Control Law

A

PD 984, 1974

56
Q

Water Quality Criteria

A

DENR DAO 34

57
Q

Effluent Standard

A

DENR DAO 35

58
Q

the science dealing with the study of soils

A

Pedology

59
Q

Study of soil formation and origin

A

Pedogenesis

60
Q

state factor equation

A

s=f(c,v,p,r,t)

61
Q

what is the use of state factor equation

A

Soil formation is a function of climate, vegetation, parent material, relief, an time

62
Q

What is the average composition of soil?

A

47% Minerals, 25% Air, 25% warer, 3% organic

63
Q

sequence of soil horizons or layers from surface down

A

Soil profile

64
Q

differentiate youn and mature soil

A

Young is thin

65
Q

sequence of soil horizons

A

OAEBCR

66
Q

Soil horizon which has the organic matter

A

O

67
Q

The topsoil or humus rick

A

A

68
Q

The Zone of Elluviation/Leaching zone

A

E

69
Q

The zone of Illuviation/Depositional Zone

A

B

70
Q

Broken Bedrock

A

C

71
Q

Bedrock

A

R

72
Q

What type of soil will have complete horizons?

A

Mature Soil

73
Q

Combination of equal percentages of sand silt and clay

A

Loam

74
Q

What is the color of an iron rich soil?

A

Yellow or Red

75
Q

Optimum pH range for soil

A

6.5-7.5

76
Q

minerals which can be extracted from laterites?

A

Al and Fe

77
Q

What is the effect of laterization of soil?

A

It makes soil unproductive

78
Q

How much of the earth’s suface is suitable for crops?

A

3%

79
Q

Factors affecting bilogical productivity of soil

A

Population, intensified agriculture

80
Q

how much of the world’s resources are renewable and non renewable?

A

19% renewable 81% non renewable

81
Q

What are the relative percetanges of world’s energy sources?

A

30% Oil, 23% Natural Gas, 22% Coal, 12% Biomass, 7% hydropweor geothermal wind and solar 6% Nuclear power

82
Q

How much methane is the natural gas which is considered as clean fuel?

A

50-90%

83
Q

Fuel of the century or of the future

A

Natural gas

84
Q

Envi impacts of Oil and Gas

A

Oil spills, Global Warming, Envi friendly

85
Q

Highest environmental impact in terms of energy resources

A

Coal

86
Q

What makes coal not environmental friendly?

A

1) open pit extraction, 2) Coal poduces more CO2 per unit of energy released than oil and gas, 3) produces sulfur in pyrite from and if burned will produce SO2 which produced acid rain. 4) Acid Mine drainage (sulfuric Acid), 5) Ash Toxic Waste

87
Q

This technology makes burning of coal more cleanly by supressing SO2

A

Fluidized Bed Combustion

88
Q

how is sulfur suprresed by FBC?

A

Sulfur dioxide is converted to anhydrite to gypsum

89
Q

How does uranium deposists?

A

U-rich granite and carbonates. Weathering and goes into soluton, migration of ground water and deposition in permeable rocks

90
Q

How does nuclear power prouced?

A

Fission types

91
Q

Environmentral impacts of Nuclear power

A

Radioactivity of waste and nuclear reactor safety

92
Q

what uranium isotope is used in Nuclear powerplants?

A

U 235

93
Q

How is geothermal energy formed?

A

Rising magma into the curst heating up any circulating groundwater

94
Q

What are the indicators of geothermal energy?

A

Geysers and hotsprings related to volcanoes and subduction zones

95
Q

Possible areas for geothermal explorations

A

Near volcanoes

96
Q

Envi impact of geothermal energy

A

the sulfur coming from the magma goes into the waters thus altering it to be more acidic

97
Q

Hyrdoelectric powers in the philippines

A

Agus 7 Maria Cristina Hydroelectric Power plant, Iligan City; Upper Agno Hydroelectric Power plant, Pangasinan

98
Q

Any natural occuring body of minerals which is wholly or partly of econmic value or ores in anomalous concentrations

A

Mineral Deposits

99
Q

What are the types of mineral deposits?

A

Magmatic, Metamorphoc-metasomatic, chemical weathering, Mechanical-sed, Hydrothermal

100
Q

What are the gold districts in the Philipppines?

A

Baguio and Surigao

101
Q

Commodity used in jet enginers?

A

Cr

102
Q

what are the 2 driving forces in the use of earth’s resources

A

steadily rising population, expanding technology

103
Q

General types of mining methods

A

Open Pit, Underground

104
Q

Differentiate Open pit and underground

A

Open pit is more destructive

105
Q

Whats the importance of metallurgy in mining?

A

The best milling process for optimum mineral extraction from ore

106
Q

this is the dissolution of hold into aqeous soln CIP,

A

Cyanide leaching

107
Q

What is effluent treartment in mining?

A

must be done prior to release of byproducts of mining

108
Q

When are the golden years of mining of the Ph

A

1960s-1970s

109
Q

What companies are members of the legacy mines

A

Ph Iron Mines Bicol, Atlas copper mine cebu, Benguet Corp, Benguet. Marcopper mine, Marinduque, CDCP Copper mine negros occ

110
Q

What are the programs MGB is implementing to attain effective mine waste tailings and management

A

EGF, CLRF, ETF

111
Q

What does EGF mean

A

Envi Gurantee Fund

112
Q

What does CLRF mean

A

Contingent Liability and Rehabilitation Fund

113
Q

What does ETF mean

A

Environment Trust Fund

114
Q

Whats the ultimate goal of the mineral industry?

A

Equitable benefits for the present and future generations

115
Q

coordinated direction of all human acivities within a defined evni system to balance

A

Envi Mgmt

116
Q

phyto technology

A

Provide solutons to pollution problems using plants

117
Q

metalophytes

A

plants which survive in toxic environments like a highly metallic environment

118
Q

a plant which is absorbs Ni or can exists in laterites

A

(H)Sibertia Acuminata (Sapotacaea)

119
Q

hyperaccumultors

A

general term for plants which can accumalte toxic metals

120
Q

What is interesting in hyperaccumulators?

A

Hyperaccumulators can decontaminate metal pollute sites in tropics and can allow phytomining which can benefit mining communities in transition during closure

121
Q

How can cu/as be extracted from hyperaccumulators?

A

Electrotwinning

GLE 2024 (Day 3) (48 decks)

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