GEOPHYSICS Flashcards
What is processes of scientific method?
Observation - Defining the Problem - Hypothesis formulation - Experiment - Conclusion
A systmetic and interdiciplinary area of study that includes both applied and theoretical spects of human impact on the world
Envi Sci
What is a baseline data?
Description of the system in its normal or original state, used to determine the effects of human intervention
Preservationist vs conservasionist
Preservationists does not want to use resources, Conservationist use resources but want to secure sustainability
What are the different aspects of envi issues?
Scientific and Technical, Socieconomic, and Ethical
Any undersirable changes in the characteristics of air water soil, or foods that have adverse effects on health and survival of life forms
Pollution
What is sustainable devt?
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromision the ability to meet the needs of the future generations
what is carrying capacity?
Optimum number of a specie’s individual that can survive in a specific area over time
What is the relationship between production and resource availability?
a much efficient production will result to more resource availability
What is ecology?
Stidy of the home, the inertaction among organisms and between theri phy. envi. which provides tool which can be effective in tackling envi problems
He coined Ecology in 1869
German Biologist Ernst Haeckel
He coined Ecosystems in 1935
Sir Arthur Tansley
What is ecosystem?
Interactions between biological organisms and their physical envir
What is principle of emergent property?
New properties emerge that were not present at the lower levels which results from the functional interction between components
Requirements of ecosystem
One way flow of Energy and Cycling of Matter
Explain the law of thermodynamics in relation to ecosystem
The more energy we use, the more heat we add to the environment
relate law of conservation of matter to ecosystem
The things we throw away is still here with us
Where can carbon originate?
From weathering of terrestrial rocks
Differentiate Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrification
Nitrogen fixation is the ocnvertion to ammonia while Nitrification converts NH4 to Nitrite
How do humans contribute to Nitrogen increase?
By using fertilizers
What are the sources of Phosphorous?
weathering of rocks, and Guano which became part of marine seds
The totality of all species on earth and the ecosystem where they thrive
Biodiversity
Why is the Philippines one of the mega biodiversity of the world?
We are part of the circum pacific belt, with subduction zones, trenches and faults and volcanism produces rich productive soil and mineral resources.Rich limestones,
What does endemic specied mean?
Species foun only in a particular area only and nowhere else
What are the anthropohenic causes of extinction of organisms?
Destruction of Habitat, commercial products and live specimens, Introduction of alien species
The generation of different igneous rock from single primary magma
Magmatic Differentiation
Why are magmatic areas are the most fertile areas in the world?
Magma contains major elements requred for plant growth , P Ca, Mg, S
How does Gothermal Energy generated?
The head from the magma heats the underground water which are tapped by well to warm houses and run turbines
What is the general sequence of sedimentation?
Weathering, Erosion, tranpo, Deposi, Lithi
Term used for earth porcesses were large masses of rocks and or earth mats spontaneously move downward either slowly or quickly by gravity
mass Movement
Force acting on the materials to move exceeding the shear sthrenth of mats
Gravity
Geologic factors leading to mass movement?
Active Sismicity, Faults, Rock types
Geomophological factors leading to mass mvmt?
slope steepness, stream gradient, Relief or elevtaion, stream valley configuration
Climatological factors?
Tropical weathering, Typhoons and high rain fall
Anthropogenic factors?
Road Building,Deforestations
A term used to describe both sudden slip on a fault and the resulting ground shaking and raduated seismic energy or volcanic and magmatic activity or sudden stress change within the earth
Earthquakes
What are long waves
Surface waves
differentiate intensity and magnitude
Intensity measures the perception and uses the mercalli scale while magnitude measures the energy released and uses the richter scale
What law implements guidelines on Engg geological and geohazard assesement as additional requirement for ecc applications covering subdivisions, housing and other land dev’t and infrastructure projects?
DENR DAO 2000-28 (EGGAR)
This use the geologic fundamentalss an princeiples in the investigation and evaluation of naturally occuring rocks and soil for the use in the design of civil works
Engineering geol
Refer to natural and man induced geol processes that have potential to cause destruction and posse a threat or risk to mans life and property
geohazards
What MGB memo cicrular includes details of EGGAR?
MGB Memo Circular no.2000-23
What does EGGAR stands for?
Engineering Geolological and Geohazard Assesment Report (EGGAR)
What are the inlusions of EGGAR?
- Gen Info of the Project 2. Regional Setting 3. Site Geology w/c includes Topography, Hyrology, Bedrock Lithology, Surfucual Deposits and Structural Feature. 4. Hazard Assesments 5. Conclusions and Recommendations (Specialized studies, monitoring, mitiating measures)
What are some ways of managing natural disasters?
Adequate info and Tech, Zoning Restrictions and Improved Structures, Proper prediction and Monitoring, warning and evacuation systems
What is the breakdown of the water resources of the world?
97% Seawater 3% freshwater of which 1% is usable and 2% is frozen
How does geology affects Global water Budget?
Geol Settings influences the local availabilty and access to water thus even though water is renewable, local supplied may be inadequate due to geological barriers
What is the primary source of Freshwater supply?
Groundwater
Differentiate Confined and unconfined Aquifers
Confined Aqs, are beneficial to freshwater needs unconfined aquifer can be contaminated
Factors which affect the storage and movement of Gwater?
Porosity, Permeability, Recharge, amt of extraction defined by Cone of depression, Sink Holes
Cadmium toxicity associated with acid mine drainage
Itai Itai disease
What are the monitoring paremeters of Water
Dissolved O2, Bio. O2 demand, pH, color, turbidity/suspended solids, Heavy metals. temp, pathogens
Lethal pH in water
Below 6.8 and above 8.4
What are groundwater problems?
Water table lowering-depletion of resources, Depletion, Land Subsidence, Saltwater INstrusion, Chemical Contamination, Reduced stream flows
Pollution Control Law
PD 984, 1974
Water Quality Criteria
DENR DAO 34
Effluent Standard
DENR DAO 35
the science dealing with the study of soils
Pedology
Study of soil formation and origin
Pedogenesis
state factor equation
s=f(c,v,p,r,t)
what is the use of state factor equation
Soil formation is a function of climate, vegetation, parent material, relief, an time
What is the average composition of soil?
47% Minerals, 25% Air, 25% warer, 3% organic
sequence of soil horizons or layers from surface down
Soil profile
differentiate youn and mature soil
Young is thin
sequence of soil horizons
OAEBCR
Soil horizon which has the organic matter
O
The topsoil or humus rick
A
The Zone of Elluviation/Leaching zone
E
The zone of Illuviation/Depositional Zone
B
Broken Bedrock
C
Bedrock
R
What type of soil will have complete horizons?
Mature Soil
Combination of equal percentages of sand silt and clay
Loam
What is the color of an iron rich soil?
Yellow or Red
Optimum pH range for soil
6.5-7.5
minerals which can be extracted from laterites?
Al and Fe
What is the effect of laterization of soil?
It makes soil unproductive
How much of the earth’s suface is suitable for crops?
3%
Factors affecting bilogical productivity of soil
Population, intensified agriculture
how much of the world’s resources are renewable and non renewable?
19% renewable 81% non renewable
What are the relative percetanges of world’s energy sources?
30% Oil, 23% Natural Gas, 22% Coal, 12% Biomass, 7% hydropweor geothermal wind and solar 6% Nuclear power
How much methane is the natural gas which is considered as clean fuel?
50-90%
Fuel of the century or of the future
Natural gas
Envi impacts of Oil and Gas
Oil spills, Global Warming, Envi friendly
Highest environmental impact in terms of energy resources
Coal
What makes coal not environmental friendly?
1) open pit extraction, 2) Coal poduces more CO2 per unit of energy released than oil and gas, 3) produces sulfur in pyrite from and if burned will produce SO2 which produced acid rain. 4) Acid Mine drainage (sulfuric Acid), 5) Ash Toxic Waste
This technology makes burning of coal more cleanly by supressing SO2
Fluidized Bed Combustion
how is sulfur suprresed by FBC?
Sulfur dioxide is converted to anhydrite to gypsum
How does uranium deposists?
U-rich granite and carbonates. Weathering and goes into soluton, migration of ground water and deposition in permeable rocks
How does nuclear power prouced?
Fission types
Environmentral impacts of Nuclear power
Radioactivity of waste and nuclear reactor safety
what uranium isotope is used in Nuclear powerplants?
U 235
How is geothermal energy formed?
Rising magma into the curst heating up any circulating groundwater
What are the indicators of geothermal energy?
Geysers and hotsprings related to volcanoes and subduction zones
Possible areas for geothermal explorations
Near volcanoes
Envi impact of geothermal energy
the sulfur coming from the magma goes into the waters thus altering it to be more acidic
Hyrdoelectric powers in the philippines
Agus 7 Maria Cristina Hydroelectric Power plant, Iligan City; Upper Agno Hydroelectric Power plant, Pangasinan
Any natural occuring body of minerals which is wholly or partly of econmic value or ores in anomalous concentrations
Mineral Deposits
What are the types of mineral deposits?
Magmatic, Metamorphoc-metasomatic, chemical weathering, Mechanical-sed, Hydrothermal
What are the gold districts in the Philipppines?
Baguio and Surigao
Commodity used in jet enginers?
Cr
what are the 2 driving forces in the use of earth’s resources
steadily rising population, expanding technology
General types of mining methods
Open Pit, Underground
Differentiate Open pit and underground
Open pit is more destructive
Whats the importance of metallurgy in mining?
The best milling process for optimum mineral extraction from ore
this is the dissolution of hold into aqeous soln CIP,
Cyanide leaching
What is effluent treartment in mining?
must be done prior to release of byproducts of mining
When are the golen years of mining of the Ph
1960s-1970s
What companies are members of the legacy mines
Ph Iron Mines Bicol, Atlas copper mine cebu, Benguet Corp, Benguet. Marcopper mine, Marinduque, CDCP Copper mine negros occ
What are the programs MGB is implementing to attain effective mine waste tailings and management
EGF, CLRF, ETF
What does EGF mean
Envi Gurantee Fund
What does CLRF mean
Contingent Liability and Rehabilitation Fund
What does ETF mean
Environment Trust Fund
Whats the ultimate goal of the mineral industry?
Equitable benefits for the present and future generations
coordinated direction of all human acivities within a defined evni system to balance
Envi Mgmt
phyto technology
Provide solutons to pollution problems using plants
metalophytes
plants which survive in toxic environments like a highly metallic environment
a plant which is absorbs Ni or can exists in laterites
(H)Sibertia Acuminata (Sapotacaea)
hyperaccumultors
general term for plants which can accumalte toxic metals
What is interesting in hyperaccumulators?
Hyperaccumulators can decontaminate metal pollute sites in tropics and can allow phytomining which can benefit mining communities in transition during closure
How can cu/as be extracted from hyperaccumulators?
Electrotwinning
