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College! > Soils Exam 3 > Flashcards

Soils Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens as the biomass of organisms goes down?

A

The abundance of them goes up

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2
Q

Functional Diversity

A

Utilize a wide variety of substrates and carry out many processes

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3
Q

Functional Redundancy

A

Multiplke species being able to carry out the same function

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4
Q

Ecosystem stabability

A

Soil having several ways to accomplish the same function BY FUNCTIONAL REDUNDANCY

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5
Q

Macroorganisms

A

Greather than 2mm

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6
Q

Mesoorgannisms

A

2-.1mm

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7
Q

Microorganisms

A

Less than .1mm

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8
Q

Annelids

A

Earthworms

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9
Q

Helminths

A

Nematodes

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10
Q

Largets biomass in soil

A

Fungi

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11
Q

Actinomcytes

A

Long strainds and function like fungi but relates to bacteria

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12
Q

Protozoa

A

Mobile single celled and karger than bacteria

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13
Q

What is a midden and its function

A

An eathworm cast that improves soil physical properties

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14
Q

What microorganism helps soil horizontally

A

Ants

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15
Q

What helps soil veritcally

A

Termites

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16
Q

H?ow do nematodes benefit and harm soil

A

They release N from bacteria, but they also bite plant roots to infection

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17
Q

What is the function of Protozoa?

A

They eat Bacteria to release nutrientrs

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18
Q

What are the 3 broad groups of fungi?

A

Yeast Mold Mushroom

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19
Q

What separates bacteria from fungi and actinomycetes

A

Bacteria breaks down material in more anaerobic environments and less complex ,molecules

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20
Q

Whyat is a commonesalist

A

Organisms living side by side with little interaction

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21
Q

What decomposes the most complex organic matter?

A

Actinomycetes

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22
Q

What happens to the organic matter during composition

A

2/3 goes into c02 and 1/3 becomes microbial cells or soil

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23
Q

What happens at a high c/n ratio

A

immobilization

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24
Q

What happens at a low c/n ratio

A

Mineralization

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25
Q

What two things does SOM do to improve soil

A

Increases CEC and pH buffering

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26
Q

What 3 residue properties affect decomposition?

A

Size and surface area
C/n ratio
Chemical composition (lgnin..)

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27
Q

For which 2 nutrients are soil tests done?

A

P and K

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28
Q

Ammonia to ammonium

A

Volizalization

29
Q

What does soil managemenr affect the most

A

water

30
Q

what nutrient are freshwater systems limited by

A

p

31
Q

what nutrient are saline water systems limited by

A

n

32
Q

Name 4 ways to limit nutrient lose in agri

A

buffer strips
cover crops
conservation tillage
forest stand management

33
Q

soil minerals supply little amount of this nutrient

A

N

34
Q

What ratio is higher in manure than plant tissue

A

P:N

35
Q

what 4 factors influence mineralization

A

moisture
aeration
temperature
C:N rstio

36
Q

where does the majority of po and k come from?

A

geologic deposits

37
Q

where can k fert be found

A

salt beds

38
Q

from where is n fertilizer extracted

A

the atmosphere via the haber bosch process

39
Q

what are 3 hazards associated with inorganic fert use

A

salt hazards, acid formation, volatilization

40
Q

how do you know how much n to add to soil

A

expected crop yield, soil type

41
Q

what does freeze/thaw affect in soil

A

k availability

42
Q

what is the first step of mineralization

A

ammonification

43
Q

what is the second step of mineralization

A

nitrfication

44
Q

What does a high C:N ratio cause GREATER THAN 30:1

A

immobilization

45
Q

what does low C:N cause LESS THAN 20:1

A

mineralization

46
Q

What can caude volitalizarion?

A

high pH

little moisture

47
Q

is nitrate readily leached

A

yes?

48
Q

what is the reduction ofn to a gaseous form

A

denirtification

49
Q

what occurs to nirtogen in anaerobic conditions

A

denitrification

50
Q

what can cause redness and short roots

A

P deficiency

51
Q

what major nutrient is scarce in soil

A

P

52
Q

what helps plants uptake p

A

mycorrhizae

53
Q

what happens when C:P ratios are less than 200:1

A

mineralization

54
Q

what happens when P concentration is greater than 300:1

A

immobilization

55
Q

what type of p is unavailable as pH increases

A

calcium phosphates

56
Q

what type of p is less soluble at lo pH

A

hydroxy phosphates

57
Q

where is most k held in soils

A

feldspars and micas that make it unavailable

58
Q

what is throughfall

A

k taken up by plants then washed away by raineater from plant foliage

59
Q

what is the problem with k

A

there is a large amount present, but only little available and plants intake it luxuriously

60
Q

what nutrient is measured by its rate of transformation than total amount in soil

A

K

61
Q

how do we limit k uptake in plants

A

watch the soil pH levels

62
Q

what organism has greatest biomass in soil

A

fungi

63
Q

what is the smallest pool of P

A

soil solution

64
Q

what are the 2 most common ways to lose SOM

A

erosion and decomp

65
Q

what organism ahs the greatest number in soil

A

bacteria

66
Q

what 3 propeties affect decomp

A

chemical content, zie, C:N ratio

67
Q

what process adds most nitrogen to soil

A

biological nitrogen fixation

68
Q

what is the symbiotic relationship between roots and fungi

A

mycorhizzae

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