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College! > BIO141 Exam 3 > Flashcards

BIO141 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 things are is blood msotly made of?

A

Plasma and Red Blood Cells

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2
Q

What kind of structure do red blood cells have and what does this do

A

they are bi concave and add surface area

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3
Q

why are red blood cells slightly flexible

A

to enter capillaries

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4
Q

do rbcs have organelles?

A

no

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5
Q

lifespane of RBCs

A

120 days

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6
Q

another name for RBCs

A

erthyroctyes

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7
Q

what makes an RBC red

A

hemoglobin

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8
Q

what is heme

A

pigment

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9
Q

what molecule does heme have on it and what does it do

A

Fe atom that holds Ocygen

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10
Q

color and name of high oxygen blood

A

bright red oxyhemoglobin

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11
Q

color and name of low oxygen blood

A

dark red deoxyhemoglobin

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12
Q

how many protein chains are in hemoglobin and what kinds are they

A

4
2 alpha
2 beta

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13
Q

how many hemes are in each protein chain of a hemoglobin

A

1

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14
Q

2 things to cause anemia

A

low hemoglobin or low functioning RBCs

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15
Q

name 3 symptoms of anemia

A

lethargy
weakness
tiredness

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16
Q

how does blood loss anemia occur

A

RBCs are lost due to hemmorage

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17
Q

NSAIDs

A

non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs

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18
Q

what drug can cause stomach and gi bleeding

A

aspirin

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19
Q

most common form of anemia and what happens

A

iron deficiency anemia

not enough iron to make heme which carries o2

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20
Q

pernicious anemia and what is causes

A

low B12 causes low RBC production

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21
Q

describe what happens with sickle cell

A

mutation in one amino acid of beta chain in hemoglobin causes mutation. RBCs become fragile and rigid and stick together

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22
Q

RBC production

A

erythropoesis

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23
Q

what 2 hormones stimulate erythropoesis

A

peptide hormone erythropoetin

androgens - testorterone

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24
Q

what stimulates EPO

A

low oxygen in blood

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25
Q

which gender has more RBC

A

Men

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26
Q

where are RBCs made?

A

bone marrow

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27
Q

Where are the o2 sensors for blood

A

kidneys

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28
Q

what is the major problem with blood doping

A

in increases the viscosity of blood with more RBCs and makes it harder to pump

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29
Q

hemostasis

A

the process of stopping blood or bleeding

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30
Q

what is released during the vascular phase and what does it do?

A

endothelial which constricts smooth muscle to slow blood flow

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31
Q

what occurs during platelet phase?

A

plateletes release chemicals causing sticking and agregating near endothelian surfaces

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32
Q

what two things are needed during the coagulation phase and what do they create

A

Ca and vitamin k that produce fibrin

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33
Q

what are the three hemostasis phases in order

A

vascular
platelet
coagulation

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34
Q

fucntion of conducting system

A

to bring air from outside deep into lungs

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35
Q

3 functions of nose and nasal cavaity

A

clean, warm, and humidify air

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36
Q

function of the pharnyx

A

same as the nasal cavaity

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37
Q

function of larnyx and cooquial

A

the adam’s apple keeps food and water out oflugs

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38
Q

function of trachea

A

moving and cleaning air toward lungs with cilia

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39
Q

name parts of the bronchi tree

A

primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiaty bronchi
bronchilkoes

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40
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

respitory bronchioles

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41
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

across the membrnaes of the alveoli

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42
Q

respitory membrne

A

where the alveoli meet capillaries and gas exchange occurs

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43
Q

function of surfactant

A

keeps alveoli walls from connecting and collapsing by lowering water molecule attraction

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44
Q

what occurs when a baby is born before alveoli start producing surfactant

A

infant respitory distress syndrome

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45
Q

what kind of bonds does surfactant interfere with

A

hydrogen bonds

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46
Q

pressure within the lungs

A

intrapulmonary pressure

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47
Q

boyle’s law

A

as volume increases, pressure decreases

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48
Q

do the lungs contain muscle tissue

A

NO

49
Q

connective tissue lining the lungs

A

visceral pleura

50
Q

connective tissue lining the inside of your chest

A

pareital pleura

51
Q

what causes the visceral and pertial plera to connect

A

pleural fluid

52
Q

what do you do when the diaphragm contracts

A

inhale

53
Q

where is the respitory control center located

A

medulla oblongota and pons

54
Q

what do proprioreceptors in your joints do?

A

get action potentials sent from resp control center to increase rate of breathing EVEN BEFORE ocygen is depleted

55
Q

what three things do chemoreceptors monitor and which 2 are the most iportant

A

oxygen, c02, and hydrogen

c02 and hydrogen are the most important

56
Q

what happens when carbon dioxide mixes with water

A

carbonic acid is created

57
Q

carbonic acid

A

h2co3

58
Q

beside carbonic acid, what could water and c02 turn into

A

one molecule of bicarbonate and on ehydrogen ion

59
Q

bicarbonate

A

hc03

60
Q

what causes hypercapnia

A

c02 concentration in bloood is too high

61
Q

what happens when their is too much c02 in the blood

A

the carbonic acid equation runs to the right, resulting in more hydrogen and making the blood too acidic
respitory acidosis

62
Q

hypocapnia

A

c02 concentrations in blood are too low

63
Q

what happens when their is too little c02 in the blood

A

the carbonic equations runs to the left resulting in too little hydrogen and the blood becoming more alkaline
respitoary alkalosis

64
Q

where are the most important hydrogen sensors located?

A

the cerebral spnial fluid

65
Q

how does the medulla oblongata react to high c02 in the CSF

A

by sending more action potentials to increase breathing rate

66
Q

partial pressure

A

amount of pressure exerted by one gas

67
Q

what is the dirving force moving blood through capillaries ?

A

gases moving down their concentration gradients

68
Q

does the balancing of the carbonic equation require ATP

A

NO!

69
Q

what systekm does the lymphatic system parallel

A

the circulatory system

70
Q

what are the 2 parts of the lymphatic system?

A

organs and tissues that produce and maintain immune cells

71
Q

name the 6 tpyes of tissues involved in lympathic system

A 
lymph nodes
lymph vessels
spleen
thymus
tonsils
bone marrow
72
Q

how much blood will leak into lymphatic systems?

A

about 20%

73
Q

interstatial fluid and importancer?

A

`basically blood and it flows through lymphs

74
Q

leukocyte

A

white blood cells

75
Q

edema

A

swelling

76
Q

fluid, cells, and debris within lymph

A

lymph fluid

77
Q

name three functions of the lymph

A

ambush pathogens with leukocytes
filter lymph
trigger other areas of immune system

78
Q

elephantasis

A

a parasite inbfects lymph vessels and prevents reabsorption

79
Q

name the 2 specificn types of the immune system

A

cell mediated resistance

antibody mediated resistance

80
Q

name 2 important specific cells

A

b and t cells

81
Q

name 2 lymphocyctes

A

b and t cells

82
Q

all cytes, phils beside lymphocytes are what?

A

non specific

83
Q

name 2 types of external barriers

A

chemical and physical bariers

84
Q

what kind of resistance t cells

A

cell mediated

85
Q

what kind of resisitance b cells

A

antibody mediated

86
Q

what kind of non specific cells are important for specific immunity

A

phagocytes

87
Q

what chemical is produced in relation to immunological survelliance

A

perforin

88
Q

what triggers the complement system

A

when antibodies are attached to antigens

89
Q

what does the complement system do

A

creates pores in antigens that result in a swell explosion

90
Q

hyperemia

A

increased blood flow

91
Q

what does bradykinin do

A

causes pain

92
Q

what do pyrogens do and what are they released by

A

they raise body temp and are released by macrophages

93
Q

antigen

A

anything that your immune system identifies as foriegn

94
Q

what else does hyperemia increase aside from body temperature

A

metabolic rate of cells

95
Q

what do the liver and spleen do during a fever?

A

hoard iron and zinc

96
Q

what is the first of the 2 keys involved in a specific immune response

A

the docking of the marcophage onto the t cell for costimulation

97
Q

what is the second part of the 2 key system involved in an immune response

A

the release of cytokines

98
Q

what happens when both keys are activated

A

the new t cell begins mitosis

99
Q

what is the difference between mhc1 and mhc2

A

mhc1 proteins put an antigen on its membrane that says kill me where mhc2 proteins show the cell and make it FIND AND DESTROY

100
Q

how do you activate cytotoxic t cells

A

an inactive infected t cell must get with an inactive memory t cell

101
Q

what are the 2 steps to b cell activation

A

an antigen must bind to an MHC2 complex on the b cell antibody
the b cell must then combine with a helper t cell for costimulation

102
Q

agglutination

A

antibodies stick multiple antigens together so they cannot be transported throughout body

103
Q

where does specific resposne occur

A

the lymph nodes

104
Q

active immunity

A

when both memory b and memory b cells are ready to fight

105
Q

passive immunity

A

when you receive somebody elses antibodies

106
Q

what is the difference between an antigen and a pathogen

A

an antigen is like a toxin that could be given off by a pathogen

107
Q

what specifically do antibodies kill

A

antigens

108
Q

what happens when a b cell binds to an antigen

A

it turns into plasma that secrets antibodies

109
Q

what is salivary amylase

A

an enzyme released by your salivary glands that begins to break down carbs into glucose

110
Q

name 4 parts of the saliva

A

water
mucous
salivary emylase
lingual lipase

111
Q

lingual lipase

A

not activated until it hits the acid rich stomach

112
Q

muscle contractions in the esophogas

A

peristalis

113
Q

a mixture of food and gastric secretions

A

chyme

114
Q

name 3 parts of gastric secretions

A

mucus
hcl
pepsinogen

115
Q

what doe shcl in the stomach do

A

begins to unravel proteins and moves pepsinogen to pepsin DENATURE

116
Q

what does pepsin do

A

it unravels amino acid chains

117
Q

ring of muscle at the top of the stomach

A

cardiac sphincter

118
Q

what is the hormone released by the stomach

A

gastrin

119
Q

what regulates food going from the stomach into the small intestines

A

the pyloric sphincter

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