BIO141 Exam 3 Flashcards
What 2 things are is blood msotly made of?
Plasma and Red Blood Cells
What kind of structure do red blood cells have and what does this do
they are bi concave and add surface area
why are red blood cells slightly flexible
to enter capillaries
do rbcs have organelles?
no
lifespane of RBCs
120 days
another name for RBCs
erthyroctyes
what makes an RBC red
hemoglobin
what is heme
pigment
what molecule does heme have on it and what does it do
Fe atom that holds Ocygen
color and name of high oxygen blood
bright red oxyhemoglobin
color and name of low oxygen blood
dark red deoxyhemoglobin
how many protein chains are in hemoglobin and what kinds are they
4
2 alpha
2 beta
how many hemes are in each protein chain of a hemoglobin
1
2 things to cause anemia
low hemoglobin or low functioning RBCs
name 3 symptoms of anemia
lethargy
weakness
tiredness
how does blood loss anemia occur
RBCs are lost due to hemmorage
NSAIDs
non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
what drug can cause stomach and gi bleeding
aspirin
most common form of anemia and what happens
iron deficiency anemia
not enough iron to make heme which carries o2
pernicious anemia and what is causes
low B12 causes low RBC production
describe what happens with sickle cell
mutation in one amino acid of beta chain in hemoglobin causes mutation. RBCs become fragile and rigid and stick together
RBC production
erythropoesis
what 2 hormones stimulate erythropoesis
peptide hormone erythropoetin
androgens - testorterone
what stimulates EPO
low oxygen in blood
which gender has more RBC
Men
where are RBCs made?
bone marrow
Where are the o2 sensors for blood
kidneys
what is the major problem with blood doping
in increases the viscosity of blood with more RBCs and makes it harder to pump
hemostasis
the process of stopping blood or bleeding
what is released during the vascular phase and what does it do?
endothelial which constricts smooth muscle to slow blood flow
what occurs during platelet phase?
plateletes release chemicals causing sticking and agregating near endothelian surfaces
what two things are needed during the coagulation phase and what do they create
Ca and vitamin k that produce fibrin
what are the three hemostasis phases in order
vascular
platelet
coagulation
fucntion of conducting system
to bring air from outside deep into lungs
3 functions of nose and nasal cavaity
clean, warm, and humidify air
function of the pharnyx
same as the nasal cavaity
function of larnyx and cooquial
the adam’s apple keeps food and water out oflugs
function of trachea
moving and cleaning air toward lungs with cilia
name parts of the bronchi tree
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiaty bronchi
bronchilkoes
terminal bronchioles
respitory bronchioles
where does gas exchange occur
across the membrnaes of the alveoli
respitory membrne
where the alveoli meet capillaries and gas exchange occurs
function of surfactant
keeps alveoli walls from connecting and collapsing by lowering water molecule attraction
what occurs when a baby is born before alveoli start producing surfactant
infant respitory distress syndrome
what kind of bonds does surfactant interfere with
hydrogen bonds
pressure within the lungs
intrapulmonary pressure
boyle’s law
as volume increases, pressure decreases
do the lungs contain muscle tissue
NO
connective tissue lining the lungs
visceral pleura
connective tissue lining the inside of your chest
pareital pleura
what causes the visceral and pertial plera to connect
pleural fluid
what do you do when the diaphragm contracts
inhale
where is the respitory control center located
medulla oblongota and pons
what do proprioreceptors in your joints do?
get action potentials sent from resp control center to increase rate of breathing EVEN BEFORE ocygen is depleted
what three things do chemoreceptors monitor and which 2 are the most iportant
oxygen, c02, and hydrogen
c02 and hydrogen are the most important
what happens when carbon dioxide mixes with water
carbonic acid is created
carbonic acid
h2co3
beside carbonic acid, what could water and c02 turn into
one molecule of bicarbonate and on ehydrogen ion
bicarbonate
hc03
what causes hypercapnia
c02 concentration in bloood is too high
what happens when their is too much c02 in the blood
the carbonic acid equation runs to the right, resulting in more hydrogen and making the blood too acidic
respitory acidosis
hypocapnia
c02 concentrations in blood are too low
what happens when their is too little c02 in the blood
the carbonic equations runs to the left resulting in too little hydrogen and the blood becoming more alkaline
respitoary alkalosis
where are the most important hydrogen sensors located?
the cerebral spnial fluid
how does the medulla oblongata react to high c02 in the CSF
by sending more action potentials to increase breathing rate
partial pressure
amount of pressure exerted by one gas
what is the dirving force moving blood through capillaries ?
gases moving down their concentration gradients
does the balancing of the carbonic equation require ATP
NO!
what systekm does the lymphatic system parallel
the circulatory system
what are the 2 parts of the lymphatic system?
organs and tissues that produce and maintain immune cells
name the 6 tpyes of tissues involved in lympathic system
lymph nodes lymph vessels spleen thymus tonsils bone marrow
how much blood will leak into lymphatic systems?
about 20%
interstatial fluid and importancer?
`basically blood and it flows through lymphs
leukocyte
white blood cells
edema
swelling
fluid, cells, and debris within lymph
lymph fluid
name three functions of the lymph
ambush pathogens with leukocytes
filter lymph
trigger other areas of immune system
elephantasis
a parasite inbfects lymph vessels and prevents reabsorption
name the 2 specificn types of the immune system
cell mediated resistance
antibody mediated resistance
name 2 important specific cells
b and t cells
name 2 lymphocyctes
b and t cells
all cytes, phils beside lymphocytes are what?
non specific
name 2 types of external barriers
chemical and physical bariers
what kind of resistance t cells
cell mediated
what kind of resisitance b cells
antibody mediated
what kind of non specific cells are important for specific immunity
phagocytes
what chemical is produced in relation to immunological survelliance
perforin
what triggers the complement system
when antibodies are attached to antigens
what does the complement system do
creates pores in antigens that result in a swell explosion
hyperemia
increased blood flow
what does bradykinin do
causes pain
what do pyrogens do and what are they released by
they raise body temp and are released by macrophages
antigen
anything that your immune system identifies as foriegn
what else does hyperemia increase aside from body temperature
metabolic rate of cells
what do the liver and spleen do during a fever?
hoard iron and zinc
what is the first of the 2 keys involved in a specific immune response
the docking of the marcophage onto the t cell for costimulation
what is the second part of the 2 key system involved in an immune response
the release of cytokines
what happens when both keys are activated
the new t cell begins mitosis
what is the difference between mhc1 and mhc2
mhc1 proteins put an antigen on its membrane that says kill me where mhc2 proteins show the cell and make it FIND AND DESTROY
how do you activate cytotoxic t cells
an inactive infected t cell must get with an inactive memory t cell
what are the 2 steps to b cell activation
an antigen must bind to an MHC2 complex on the b cell antibody
the b cell must then combine with a helper t cell for costimulation
agglutination
antibodies stick multiple antigens together so they cannot be transported throughout body
where does specific resposne occur
the lymph nodes
active immunity
when both memory b and memory b cells are ready to fight
passive immunity
when you receive somebody elses antibodies
what is the difference between an antigen and a pathogen
an antigen is like a toxin that could be given off by a pathogen
what specifically do antibodies kill
antigens
what happens when a b cell binds to an antigen
it turns into plasma that secrets antibodies
what is salivary amylase
an enzyme released by your salivary glands that begins to break down carbs into glucose
name 4 parts of the saliva
water
mucous
salivary emylase
lingual lipase
lingual lipase
not activated until it hits the acid rich stomach
muscle contractions in the esophogas
peristalis
a mixture of food and gastric secretions
chyme
name 3 parts of gastric secretions
mucus
hcl
pepsinogen
what doe shcl in the stomach do
begins to unravel proteins and moves pepsinogen to pepsin DENATURE
what does pepsin do
it unravels amino acid chains
ring of muscle at the top of the stomach
cardiac sphincter
what is the hormone released by the stomach
gastrin
what regulates food going from the stomach into the small intestines
the pyloric sphincter
