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College! > Bio141 Final > Flashcards

Bio141 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 functions of Renal physiology

A

waste excretion

regulation of blood volume and solute concentration

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2
Q

in what 3 ways does the kideny regulatethe blood

A

water balance
salt balance
ph levels

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3
Q

how many kidneys are there

A

2

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4
Q

name the 3 parts of the urinary tract

A

ureters
urethra
bladder

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5
Q

describe the 4 stages of blood to urine

A

blood
filtrate
tubular fluid
urine

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6
Q

about how much blood is filtered and where is it done?

A

25% of cardiac output in the glomerulus

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7
Q

what is the function of the renal tubule

A

reabsorbs nutrients and adjusts water lvevels and ph

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8
Q

what drives blood throughthe capillaries

A

blood pressure

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9
Q

what 3 things get reabsorbed in the proximal convaluted tubule

A

nutrients, waste, h2o

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10
Q

filtrate

A

fluid after exiting blood into glomerulus

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11
Q

through what arterials does the blood enter and exit

A

it enters via the afferent

it exits via the efferent

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12
Q

what does it mean by saying the capillaries in the glomerulus are fenestrated

A

they are semipermeable

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13
Q

name 2 things that cannot leave blood to enter the glomerular capsule

A

RBCs and proteins

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14
Q

where is the majority of filtrate reabsorbed asnd about how much

A

60% in the pct

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15
Q

glomular filtration rate and average per dat

A

125ml/min and 180l a day

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16
Q

how are things reabsorbed in the pct?

A

ion gradients and protein transporters

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17
Q

describe the descending seciton of the loop of henle

A

it is thin and permeable to only water

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18
Q

describe the ascending section of the oloop oh henle

A

it is thick and permeable only to solutes like na and cl

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19
Q

how are ions pulled out of the ascending loop

A

active transport

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20
Q

what controls the action of the active transport proteins in the ascending loop

A

hormones that can be released in greater amounts if dehydrated

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21
Q

what is meant by countercurrent multiplication

A

water following salt through the loop of henle

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22
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons

A

cortical

jextamedullary

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23
Q

name the 2 supporting tubules

A

vasa recta

peritubular

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24
Q

which is the normal supporting tubules that are found in both types of nephrons

A

peritubular

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25
Q

what is the purpose of the vasa recta capillaries

A

they are specialized to concentrate filtrate

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26
Q

where are the peritubular capillaries found

A

around convoluted tubules

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27
Q

where are the vasa recta capillaries found

A

around the loop of henle

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28
Q

what 2 hormones are associated witht he distal convoluted tubule nd what do they do

A
  1. aldesterone stimulates Na reabsorpotion

2. antidiuretic hormone stimulates water absorption

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29
Q

what does adh do?

A

keeps the minimum amount of water in the remaining filtrate without dehydrating the body

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30
Q

what releases adh

A

hypothalamus

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31
Q

how does adh work to rehydrate you

A

it inserts aqaporins into the collecting duct

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32
Q

if you are breathing too slowly and have acidosis and too many h ions, where are they dumped?

A

in the dct

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33
Q

what is the ureter

A

the muscular tube that connects the bladder and kidney

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34
Q

how much water can the bladder hold?

A

1l maximum

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35
Q

urethra and voluntary or involuntary?

A

connects bladder to exterior and controlled by both

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36
Q

where are gametes produced

A

the gonads

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37
Q

what is the male gonad and hormone

A

testes and androgen

38
Q

where does sperm production occur

A

seminifeorous tubules

39
Q

what else occurs in the seminiferous tubules

A

sperm maturation

40
Q

how long does it take for sperm to grow and mature

A

2-3 months

41
Q

where are sperm formed and what gives them androgens

A

in the wall of the duct and interstitial cels give them androgen

42
Q

haploid

A

23 chromosomes

43
Q

name 4 parts of sperm maturation

A

acrosome forms
flagellum produced
mitochondria around flagellum
cytoplasm lost

44
Q

2 parts of spermiation

A

release from sertolli cells

free to swim baby

45
Q

where does sperm go after the testis and what happens there

A

the epididymis and learns to swim

46
Q

where does sperm go after the epididymis

A

the vas deferens

47
Q

what is the expansion at the end of the vas deferens and what is it used for

A

the ampulla is used for sperm storage

48
Q

what are the three parts of the urethra in a male

A

prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra

49
Q

where is precum produced

A

the bulbouurethral glands

50
Q

what are the 3 parts of semen

A

sperm
seminal vesicles
prostate gland stuff

51
Q

seminal vesicle fluid

A

thick yellow and nhutrient rich

52
Q

prostate gland fluid

A

thin milky and good for siwmming

53
Q

is precum semen

A

NO

54
Q

gnrh

A

gonadotropin relasing hormone

55
Q

what releases GNRH and where does it go

A

the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

56
Q

what are the two gonadotropins that can be released by the pituitary gland

A

folicle stimulating hormone

leutinizing hormone

57
Q

endocrine organs

A

gonads

58
Q

what is the only thing inhibin blocks

A

follicle stimulating hormone

59
Q

what turns off GNRH and where are the recptors

A

receptors in the hypothalamus and pit gland

60
Q

what 2 cells does leutenizing hormone affect

A

nurse and interstatial

61
Q

what does leutenizing hormone do in the nurse cells

A

allows testosterone to work via androgren binding proteins

62
Q

what creates the inhibin that slows the pituitary gland

A

the nurse cells

63
Q

scrotum

A

ball sack

64
Q

what 2 muscles cover the scrotum

A

the dartos and cremaster

65
Q

when does the dartos contract

A

temperature

66
Q

when does the cremaster contract

A

excitement fear arousal

67
Q

3 internal parts of le penis

A

2 corpus cavernsom

1 corpus spongiusum around urethra

68
Q

is it possible to experiecne ajaculation seperate from an orgasm

A

yes

69
Q

4 phases of the male orgasm

A

excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution

70
Q

by what system is erection controlled

A

the parasympathetic cause you needa be relaxed

71
Q

what causes dilation of blood vessels in the penis

A

nitros oxide

72
Q

during what stage is precum released

A

plateau

73
Q

what are the 2 stages of an orgasm

A

emission and expulsion

74
Q

name 2 parts of the emission stage and by what system

A

the sympathetic system causes semen to enter urethral bulb

and oxytocin is released

75
Q

what controls the expulsion stage and is it voluntary

A

the somatic system and yes!

76
Q

name 2 parts of the uterine tube

A

oviduct and the fallopian tube

77
Q

what is the male equivalent of labia majora

A

scrotum

78
Q

what is the male equivalent to the labia minora

A

penis shaft

79
Q

male equivalent of clitorus

A

prepuce

80
Q

vaginal lubricant

A

vaginal transudate

81
Q

how long is the pregnancy window and where doe sit start

A

2-3 days

uterine tubes

82
Q

what is the female strands that help guide sperm

A

musin

83
Q

from which cells does the placenta form and after what

A

after the zygote plants into the uterine wall cells from mom and baby make placenta

84
Q

how is polyspermy prevented

A

once the sperm has docked depolarization occurs making docking proteins inactive and flushing away other sperm

85
Q

what is theball of cells that travels to uterus

A

molucula

86
Q

who produces hcg and what does it do

A

the cells of the baby to stop menstration

87
Q

what do pregnancy tests check for

A

human chroionic gonadotropin

88
Q

when does the placenta form and whos job does it take

A

the third month
takes HCG jobs
-estrogen
-progestorone

89
Q

what is the difference between an embryo and a fetus

A

all organs are in place in fetus

90
Q

what are the follicle cells and what do they do

A

support cells for the oocyte that release hormones

91
Q

3 parts of uterine wall from inside to outside

A

endometrium
metrium
perimetrium

College! (40 decks)

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