Bio141 Final Flashcards
Name 2 functions of Renal physiology
waste excretion
regulation of blood volume and solute concentration
in what 3 ways does the kideny regulatethe blood
water balance
salt balance
ph levels
how many kidneys are there
2
name the 3 parts of the urinary tract
ureters
urethra
bladder
describe the 4 stages of blood to urine
blood
filtrate
tubular fluid
urine
about how much blood is filtered and where is it done?
25% of cardiac output in the glomerulus
what is the function of the renal tubule
reabsorbs nutrients and adjusts water lvevels and ph
what drives blood throughthe capillaries
blood pressure
what 3 things get reabsorbed in the proximal convaluted tubule
nutrients, waste, h2o
filtrate
fluid after exiting blood into glomerulus
through what arterials does the blood enter and exit
it enters via the afferent
it exits via the efferent
what does it mean by saying the capillaries in the glomerulus are fenestrated
they are semipermeable
name 2 things that cannot leave blood to enter the glomerular capsule
RBCs and proteins
where is the majority of filtrate reabsorbed asnd about how much
60% in the pct
glomular filtration rate and average per dat
125ml/min and 180l a day
how are things reabsorbed in the pct?
ion gradients and protein transporters
describe the descending seciton of the loop of henle
it is thin and permeable to only water
describe the ascending section of the oloop oh henle
it is thick and permeable only to solutes like na and cl
how are ions pulled out of the ascending loop
active transport
what controls the action of the active transport proteins in the ascending loop
hormones that can be released in greater amounts if dehydrated
what is meant by countercurrent multiplication
water following salt through the loop of henle
what are the 2 types of nephrons
cortical
jextamedullary
name the 2 supporting tubules
vasa recta
peritubular
which is the normal supporting tubules that are found in both types of nephrons
peritubular
what is the purpose of the vasa recta capillaries
they are specialized to concentrate filtrate
where are the peritubular capillaries found
around convoluted tubules
where are the vasa recta capillaries found
around the loop of henle
what 2 hormones are associated witht he distal convoluted tubule nd what do they do
- aldesterone stimulates Na reabsorpotion
2. antidiuretic hormone stimulates water absorption
what does adh do?
keeps the minimum amount of water in the remaining filtrate without dehydrating the body
what releases adh
hypothalamus
how does adh work to rehydrate you
it inserts aqaporins into the collecting duct
if you are breathing too slowly and have acidosis and too many h ions, where are they dumped?
in the dct
what is the ureter
the muscular tube that connects the bladder and kidney
how much water can the bladder hold?
1l maximum
urethra and voluntary or involuntary?
connects bladder to exterior and controlled by both
where are gametes produced
the gonads
what is the male gonad and hormone
testes and androgen
where does sperm production occur
seminifeorous tubules
what else occurs in the seminiferous tubules
sperm maturation
how long does it take for sperm to grow and mature
2-3 months
where are sperm formed and what gives them androgens
in the wall of the duct and interstitial cels give them androgen
haploid
23 chromosomes
name 4 parts of sperm maturation
acrosome forms
flagellum produced
mitochondria around flagellum
cytoplasm lost
2 parts of spermiation
release from sertolli cells
free to swim baby
where does sperm go after the testis and what happens there
the epididymis and learns to swim
where does sperm go after the epididymis
the vas deferens
what is the expansion at the end of the vas deferens and what is it used for
the ampulla is used for sperm storage
what are the three parts of the urethra in a male
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
where is precum produced
the bulbouurethral glands
what are the 3 parts of semen
sperm
seminal vesicles
prostate gland stuff
seminal vesicle fluid
thick yellow and nhutrient rich
prostate gland fluid
thin milky and good for siwmming
is precum semen
NO
gnrh
gonadotropin relasing hormone
what releases GNRH and where does it go
the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
what are the two gonadotropins that can be released by the pituitary gland
folicle stimulating hormone
leutinizing hormone
endocrine organs
gonads
what is the only thing inhibin blocks
follicle stimulating hormone
what turns off GNRH and where are the recptors
receptors in the hypothalamus and pit gland
what 2 cells does leutenizing hormone affect
nurse and interstatial
what does leutenizing hormone do in the nurse cells
allows testosterone to work via androgren binding proteins
what creates the inhibin that slows the pituitary gland
the nurse cells
scrotum
ball sack
what 2 muscles cover the scrotum
the dartos and cremaster
when does the dartos contract
temperature
when does the cremaster contract
excitement fear arousal
3 internal parts of le penis
2 corpus cavernsom
1 corpus spongiusum around urethra
is it possible to experiecne ajaculation seperate from an orgasm
yes
4 phases of the male orgasm
excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution
by what system is erection controlled
the parasympathetic cause you needa be relaxed
what causes dilation of blood vessels in the penis
nitros oxide
during what stage is precum released
plateau
what are the 2 stages of an orgasm
emission and expulsion
name 2 parts of the emission stage and by what system
the sympathetic system causes semen to enter urethral bulb
and oxytocin is released
what controls the expulsion stage and is it voluntary
the somatic system and yes!
name 2 parts of the uterine tube
oviduct and the fallopian tube
what is the male equivalent of labia majora
scrotum
what is the male equivalent to the labia minora
penis shaft
male equivalent of clitorus
prepuce
vaginal lubricant
vaginal transudate
how long is the pregnancy window and where doe sit start
2-3 days
uterine tubes
what is the female strands that help guide sperm
musin
from which cells does the placenta form and after what
after the zygote plants into the uterine wall cells from mom and baby make placenta
how is polyspermy prevented
once the sperm has docked depolarization occurs making docking proteins inactive and flushing away other sperm
what is theball of cells that travels to uterus
molucula
who produces hcg and what does it do
the cells of the baby to stop menstration
what do pregnancy tests check for
human chroionic gonadotropin
when does the placenta form and whos job does it take
the third month
takes HCG jobs
-estrogen
-progestorone
what is the difference between an embryo and a fetus
all organs are in place in fetus
what are the follicle cells and what do they do
support cells for the oocyte that release hormones
3 parts of uterine wall from inside to outside
endometrium
metrium
perimetrium
