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College! > BIO141 Exam 2 > Flashcards

BIO141 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary control

body movement, facial expression, speech, breathing

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2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary

heart muscle

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3
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary control

digestive system, heart, iris

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4
Q

4 things all muscle types have in common

A

excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity

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5
Q

excitability

A

the ability of cells to produce action potentials

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6
Q

contractility

A

the ability of cells the shorten

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7
Q

extensibility

A

the ability of cells to stretch

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8
Q

elasticity

A

when cells stretch they can go back to normal size

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9
Q

what is the tough connective tissue that joins bones to skeletal muscle

A

tendon

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10
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of muscle cells

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11
Q

what do you call individual muscle cells

A

muscle fibers

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12
Q

what do you call the membrane of a muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

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13
Q

cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells

A

sarcoplasm

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14
Q

myofibrils

A

bundles of protein found within the sarcoplasm

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15
Q

individual overlapping protein strands found within myfibrils

A

myofilaments

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16
Q

name the two types of myofilaments

A

thick and thin

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17
Q

overlapping units of thick and thin filaments

A

sarcomere

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18
Q

what happens to filaments as a muscle contracts

A

the slide past one another

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19
Q

what is the protein that makes up thin filaments

A

actin

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20
Q

protein that makes up thick filaments

A

myosin

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21
Q

complex network of tubes and sacs in the sarcoplasm

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

what kind of ions are found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what do they lie around

A

calcium lies around myofilaments

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23
Q

terminal cisternae

A

large flat sacs sitting at the end of the sarcolasmic reticulum

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24
Q

where do trqanseverse tubules travel

A

from the terminal cisternae to the surface of the celland directly to the sarcolemma

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25
Q

what travels through t tubules and what gets released as a result

A

action potentials travel down t tubules and release calcium in the sarcoplasm

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26
Q

what does the calcium in the sarcoplasm do?

A

casues myofilaments to change shape so that muscles contract

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27
Q

sarcomere

A

series of thick and thin muscle filament

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28
Q

which type of filament has a head

A

myosin thick filament

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29
Q

f actin

A

the long string of beads associated with thin filament

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30
Q

g actin

A

the beads of thin filament

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31
Q

where is the active site located on thin filament?

A

on the g actin

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32
Q

what covers active sites when muscles are relaxed

A

tropomyosin

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33
Q

troponin

A

small proteins which calcium attaches to in order to change the shape, moving the tropomyosin so the myosin heads can attach to the active sites and contract the sarcomere

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34
Q

what releases the calcium that attaches to troponin

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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35
Q

neurons that stimulate muscle cells

A

motor neurons

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36
Q

the synapse between the motor neuron and the muscle cell

A

neuromuscular junction

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37
Q

where is there a higher concentration of calcium

A

outside the cell

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38
Q

how do voltage gated calcium channels become opened

A

they are activated by action potentials moving downthe axon of the motor neauron to the synaptic knobvCAUSING IT TO OPEN

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39
Q

how does calcium get into the motor neauron

A

after the action potentials open the voltage gated calcium channels calcium DIFFUSES into the SYNAPTIC KNOB

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40
Q

what does calcium do once it is in the cytoplasm of the motor neuron?

A

it attaches to proteins which activate to move synamptic vesicles full of acetylcholine toward the cell memebrane

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41
Q

what do the synaptic vesicles hold and what happens to it

A

they hold the acetylcholine that gets released into the synaptic cleft

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42
Q

tiny space between the motor neuron and muscle cell

A

synaptic cleft

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43
Q

what does acetycholine do once it gets into the synaptic cleft

A

it diffuses to attach to a cholergenic receptor

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44
Q

what ion does the cholergenic receptor allow into the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell

A

sodium

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45
Q

what is the depolarization and repolarization of the muscle cell via acetylcholine called

A

end plate potential

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46
Q

epp

A

end plate potential

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47
Q

what does the depolarization phase of the epp cause

A

the excitation ofnearby voltage gated sodium channels

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48
Q

where does the action potential caused by the depolarization phase of the epp eventually travel to

A

the t tubules and inside the muscle cell

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49
Q

what does the action potential that travels through the t tubules cause

A

the calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open

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50
Q

from where in the sarcplasmic reticulum in the calcium relased

A

terminal cisternae

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51
Q

what is the activated position

A

when energy from ATP was used to pull the myosin head back like a spring

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52
Q

cross bridge formation

A

when the myosin heads are in activated position and attached to the active sites

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53
Q

what happens immediately after cross bridge formation

A

myosin heads bend further pulling the actin toward the center of the sarcomere

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54
Q

what is it called then myosin heads pull actin toward the center of the sarcomere

A

the power stroke

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55
Q

what is released during the power stroke

A

adp and p from the myosin head

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56
Q

what causes the myosin head to detach from the active site

A

a new ATP molecule

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57
Q

what is it called when atp is broken down

A

hydrolyzed

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58
Q

what moves the myosin head back to its orginal position after the power stroke

A

a second ATP molecule

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59
Q

what happens when the sarcomere is as its original postion

A

your muscles are relaxed

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60
Q

what happens when you stop sending action potentials to the synaptic knob

A

calcium gated channels are closed and calcium pumps pump the calcium OUT

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61
Q

what happens to leftover acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft (3)

A

enzymes such as acetycholine esterase break it down

it diffuses away

some are transported back into the synaptic knob

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62
Q

what happens when action potentials stop traveling down t tubules

A

calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum close and calcium pumps pump calcium back into the sarcoplsmic reticulum

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63
Q

What does the right pump in the heart do

A

receives blood from body

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64
Q

what does the left pump of the heart do

A

send blood to the rest of the body

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65
Q

name the two chambers of the heart

A

right and left atria

right and left ventricle

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66
Q

what are the upper 2 chambers of the heart

A

the atria

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67
Q

what are the lower 2 chambers of the heart called

A

ventricles

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68
Q

what separates the atrium from the ventricles

A

the atrioventricular AV valve

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69
Q

through what does blood from the body enter the right atrium

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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70
Q

from where does blood from the lungs enter the left atrium

A

the pulmonary vein

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71
Q

what prevents blood from flowing into the atriums when the ventricles contract

A

the AV valve

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72
Q

where does blood from the right ventricle flow to

A

through the semilunar pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery

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73
Q

where does blood in the left ventricle flow to

A

through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta

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74
Q

from where is the first heart sound

A

the closure of the av valve when ventricles contract

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75
Q

from where does the second heart sound come

A

the closure of the semilunar valves when the ventricles relax

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76
Q

what type of blood does the superior vena cava contain

A

oxygen depleted blood from the head anfd shoulders

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77
Q

what kind of blood does the inferior vena cava contain

A

oxygen depleted blood from the abdomin and lower limbs

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78
Q

what type of blood do the pulmonary veins carry

A

high oxygen blood from the lungs to the heart

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79
Q

in what manner does the heart fill with blood

A

from the bottom to the top

ventricles up to the atrium

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80
Q

once the 4 chambers of the heart fill with blood which parts contract

A

the left and right atrium to create pressure in the ventricles

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81
Q

where is blood in the pulmonary artery going

A

toward the lungs

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82
Q

the portion of the pathway that carries blood cells to and from the lungs

A

the pulmonary circuit

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83
Q

thw portion of the pathway that carries blood to and from the rest of the body cells

A

systemic circuit

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84
Q

what happens to blood pressure as blood is more distant from the aorta

A

is drops

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85
Q

what is the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is contracting

A

systole

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86
Q

what is the phase of the heart cycle when the heart is relaxing

A

diastole

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87
Q

when you measure blood pressure what two things are you measuring

A

systolic and diastolic blood pressure

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88
Q

what 2 devices are used to measure blood pressure audio

A

a sthethoscope and a sphygonamometer

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89
Q

the sound that is made when the cuff over the brachial artery is deflated

A

korotkoff

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90
Q

how do you indicate sytolic pressure

A

deplate the cuff until you hear korotcoff then read the sphygonamometer

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91
Q

how do you indicate diastolic pressure

A

deflate the cuff until the sound of korotkoff disappears and read the sphygonamometer

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92
Q

what 2 things make blood pressure vary

A

cardiac output and peripheral resistance

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93
Q

in what way id blood pressure recorded

A

systolic pressure over diastolic

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94
Q

what is the average blood pressure of a healthy adult

A

120/80 HGmm

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95
Q

where should one measure blood pressure

A

the brachial artery

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96
Q

the tendancy for an organism to maintain a fairly stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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97
Q

name 3 examples of homeostasis

A

shivering, sweating, and urinating

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98
Q

self correcting systems that do not allow your body to exceed a certain set of limits

A

negative feedback loops

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99
Q

specialized nerve cells that measure blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

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100
Q

where are barorecptors found

A

large arteries around the heart

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101
Q

what do the barorecptors do if blood pressure is high

A

send more and more action potentials to the brainvia afferent neurons

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102
Q

in what part of the brain ais blood pressure controlled

A

the medulla oblongata

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103
Q

which circuit of neurons can increase and decrease heart rate

A

the cardiac control center

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104
Q

which circuit of neurons adjust the diameter of the blood vessels

A

the vasometer center

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105
Q

when blood vessels become narrower

A

vasoconstriction

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106
Q

when blood vessels become larger

A

vasodilation

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107
Q

name the 2 parts of the cardiac control center

A

the carioaccelatroy center and the cardioinhibitory center

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108
Q

what do neaurons in the cardioaccelatory center do

A

stimulate efferent motor neurons to cause the heart to beat afster

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109
Q

why are the motor neaurons in the cardioacceletory center symoathetic

A

they prepare the body for stressful activities

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110
Q

what do neurons in the cardioinhibitory center do

A

stimulate motor neurons which cause the heart to relax

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111
Q

why are the motor neaurons in the caridoinhibitory center parasympoathetic

A

they prepare the body for restful activity

112
Q

what three parts create the negative feedback loop involved with blood pressure

A

the medulla oblongata, the heart/blood vessels, and the barorecptors

113
Q

what happens to the cardioacceletory center when the barorecptors send more action potentials

A

the cardioacceletory center sends fewer action potentials

114
Q

what happens to the cardioinhibitory center when the barorecptors send more action potentials

A

the cardioinhibitory center sends more action potentials down the paraympathetic motor neurons to slow the heart

115
Q

what happens when the barorecptors send many action potentials to the vasometer center

A

fewer action potentials travel down the sympathetic motor neurons and vessels vasodilate

116
Q

if a cell can produce action potentials at regular intervals

A

autorhythmic

117
Q

heart muscle cells

A

cardiac myocites

118
Q

why are cardiac myocites able to contract in a coordinated fashion and travel repidly from cell to cell

A

intercalated disks

119
Q

where are intercalated disks located

A

at the end of cells

120
Q

what three parts make up intercalated disks

A

interdigitating folds
mechanical junctions
gap junctions

121
Q

interconnecting folds of cell membrance

A

interdigitating folds

122
Q

stong proteins that bind cardiac myocites and prevent them from tearing during heart beats

A

mechanical junctions

123
Q

example of a mechanical junction

A

desmosomes

124
Q

where places in intercollated disks connect the cytoplasm of one cardiac myocite to another

A

gap junctions

125
Q

what do gap junctions make possible

A

action potentials to travel across all cardiac myocites at once so they can contract simultaneously

126
Q

what are the 2 types of cardiac myocytes

A

contractile myocites

cellsof the cardiac condution system

127
Q

cells that actually contract and push blood through arteries and heart chambers

A

contractile myocites

128
Q

cells which most of the heart contain

A

contractile myocites

129
Q

cells of the heart that are autorhythmic and generate action potentials

A

cells of the cardiac conution system

130
Q

name 3 parts of the heart in order in which action potentials travel

A

right atria
left atria
to both ventricles imultaneously

131
Q

the cluster of cells in the right atria in which action potentials begin

A

the SA node SINOATRIAL

132
Q

which cells in the heart depolarize more rapidly than all others

A

cells of the SA node

133
Q

do cells in the atria share gap junctions with cells in the ventricles

A

mostly no, only in one place

134
Q

the pacemaker of the heart

A

the sinoatrial SA node

135
Q

the cluster of cells that allow action potentials to travel from the atri to the ventricles

A

the atrioventricular node AV

136
Q

where do action potentials go after leaving the AV node

A

through the atrioventricular bundle

137
Q

what happens to action potentials once they pass through the av bundle

A

they split into 2 directions toward the left or right ventricles

138
Q

what is the wall that separates the ventricles

A

interventricular septum

139
Q

what happens when action potentials hit the bottom of the heart

A

they reach the purkinje fibers

140
Q

what do the purkinje fibers do

A

they ensure that action potentials reach all contractile myocytes

141
Q

another name for purkinje fibers

A

subendocardial fibers

142
Q

electrocardiograph

A

the machine that measures small action potential differences in the extracellular fluid of the body

143
Q

electrocardiogram

A

the display of the small voltage changes across the body

144
Q

what happens to the extracellular fluid around the atria when depolarization occurs

A

the extracellular fluid becomes mroe negative due to the loss of positive sodium ions

145
Q

where do you measure the differences in voltage when using an ECG

A

the right and left side of the body

146
Q

to what range can an ECG measure

A

microvolts

147
Q

is an ECG the same as a cardiac action potential

A

NO DAMMIT

148
Q

p wave

A

caused as cardiac cells depolarize the atria

149
Q

qrs complex

A

caused as action potentials depolarize the cells of the ventricles

150
Q

t wave

A

caused by the repolarization occuring in the centricles

151
Q

p-q segment

A

time between atrial and ventricular depolarization

152
Q

another name for a healthy ECG

A

normal sinus rhythm

153
Q

during which wave do the atria begin to contract

A

p wave

154
Q

during which wave do the ventricles begin to contract

A

the q wave

155
Q

during which wave does ventricluar relaxtion occur

A

the t wave

156
Q

when a part of the cardiac conduction system is not working properly

A

heart block

157
Q

first degree heart block

A

cardiac conduction system is slow to transmit action potentials from atriua to ventricles

158
Q

what shows first degree heart block on an ECG

A

a delayed p to q interval

159
Q

what can cause first degree heart block

A

problems in the AV bundle or AV node

160
Q

second degree heart block

A

severe problems in the av bundle or node

161
Q

what shows second degree heart block on an ECG

A

p waves that are not always followed by QRS complexes

162
Q

third degree heart block

A

action potentials from the AV bundle or node are not reaching the ventricles at all COMPLETE HEART BLOCK

163
Q

why can you still live with third degree heart block?

A

all cells in the heart are autorhythmic, but the SA NODE depolarizes much faster

164
Q

what do you call a pacemaker that is outside of the SA node

A

an ecotopic pacemaker

165
Q

no coordination of heartbeat

A

fibrillation

166
Q

defibrillator

A

delivers an electric shock to the heart to stop fibrillation

167
Q

what will electric shock do to a cell

A

depolarize it

168
Q

cardiac output

A

how much blood your heart pumps out per minute

169
Q

what 2 things does cardiac output depend on

A

how fast the heart is ebating and the force with which the heart contracts

170
Q

the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat

A

stroke volume

171
Q

the amount of heart beats per minute

A

heart rate

172
Q

mathematical formula for cardiac output

A

herat beats per minute time stroke volume per contraction

173
Q

anythign that effects how fast the heart contracts

A

chronoitropic

174
Q

anything that effects how forecefully the heart contracts

A

inotropic

175
Q

what larger system is the cardiac control center a part of

A

the autonomic nervous system

176
Q

receptors that monitor oxygen and co2 content of blood

A

chemoreceptors

177
Q

receptors that monitor activity and position of limbs

A

proprioreceptors

178
Q

a collention of synapses that connect one motor neuron to another

A

a ganglion

179
Q

conducts action potentials from the CNS to the ganglion

A

preganglionic receptor

180
Q

conducts action potentials from the ganglion to the organ

A

postganglionic recptor EFFECTOR

181
Q

do the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS share the same neurons?

A

no, they use different ganglionic fibers and motor neurons

182
Q

where in the body are sympathetic gangle usually located

A

near the spinal cord

183
Q

where in the body are parasympathetic ganglia usually located

A

near the organ or as part of the organ

184
Q

what is the neuron sued bu the parasympathetic post ganglia

A

acetylcholine

185
Q

what is the neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic post ganglia

A

neuropenephrine

186
Q

what is special about ganglias and heart cells

A

they form neuromuscular junctions with the SA node

187
Q

what kind of receptor receives norepenephrine

A

agrenergic

188
Q

in the heart, what do adregernic receptors open and close

A

sodium channels

189
Q

in the heart what do cholergenic receptors open and close

A

potassium channels

190
Q

name a third neurotransmitter that can effect heartbeat and how

A

epenrphrine can affect calcium levels and increase strength of cardiac contraction

191
Q

what does acetocholine do to the SA node

A

hyperpolarization and less frequent action potential

192
Q

how does acetocholine affect calcium lvels around the heart

A

it lowers the calcium levels in the cytoplasm and decreases the strength of the heart beat

193
Q

quiescent period

A

when both the atria and ventricles are relaxed

194
Q

atrial systole

A

everything that happens when the atria contract

195
Q

isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles

A

everything that occurs when the ventricles contract and the semilunar valves are shut

196
Q

ventricular systole

A

everything that happens when the ventricles contract

197
Q

ventricular ejection

A

everything that happenbs during ventricular contractrion when the semilunaer valaves are open

198
Q

isovolumetric relaxtion

A

everything that occurds when the ventricles relax but the av valves are closeed

199
Q

effeerent neurons

A

emit impulses away from brin

200
Q

afferent neurons

A

emit impulses toward the brain

201
Q

EPSP and what does it do

A

excitatory post synaptic potential moves toward threshold voltage to creat action potentials

202
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory post synaptic potential moves away from threshold

203
Q

what two types of chemicals “gith it out” until a channel opens

A

IPSP AND EPSP

204
Q

how does the cns receieve info?

A

in the form of action potentials

205
Q

how can the cns interpret different action potentials

A

neural coding

206
Q

weak stimulus causes

A

fewer actions potentials per second

207
Q

strong stimulus causes

A

many action potentials per second

208
Q

what two parts make up the cnetral nervous system

A

the brain and the spinal cord

209
Q

telencephalon

A

speech, though, sensory perception, memory, VOLUNTARY CONTROL

210
Q

what does the diencephalon control

A

involuntary functions such as emotions hunger thirst

211
Q

mesencephalon

A

relays ifnromation to hgiher brain centers

212
Q

metencephalon

A

coordinates movement of skeletal muscle

213
Q

myelenacephalon

A

cardiac, viamotor, and respitory systems

214
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all parts of the CNS except brain and spinal cord

215
Q

sesnory neaurons

A

afferent fibers

216
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent fibers

217
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sensory and motor neurons involved in everything except skeletal muscle

218
Q

sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

A

fight or flight responses and preparing the body for physical activity

219
Q

parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

A

calming effect, resting, digesting

220
Q

how many enaurons does it take to get from cns to effector

A

TWO

221
Q

names 3 types of effectors

A

organs
glands
smooth muscle

222
Q

what do preganglionic neurons always release

A

acetocholine

223
Q

what two neurotransmitters do post ganglionic fibers release

A

acetocholine and neropenphrine

224
Q

sympathetic fibers relase

A

neropenephrine

225
Q

parasympoathetic fibers alwasy realease

A

acetocholine

226
Q

most organs are innervated by both…

A

para and sym fibers

227
Q

name three places in the body where para and sym have antagonistic effects

A

heart
diaphragm
gi tract

228
Q

where do para and sym have cooperative effects

A

slaivary glands

229
Q

how does symp effect the heeart

A

more axc potentials and excites

230
Q

how does sympp effect the diaphragm

A

more ax potentials and excites

231
Q

how does sym effect the GI tract

A

more ax potentials and inhibits

232
Q

name two parts of the body that do not have dual innervation and which fibers

A

the arteries and the reprodutctive system

233
Q

how is info such as mem and sleep wake cycles encoded in CNS

A

neauronal circuits

234
Q

reverberating circuits

A

when APs stimulate the same set of neurons

235
Q

what kinds of things do reverberating circuits control

A

sleepwake cycles
short term memory
respiraqtion

236
Q

parallel after discharge neaurons

A

APs from input neuron stimulate the output neuron at different times

237
Q

what do parallel after discharge neurons control

A

complex mental tasks

238
Q

diverging circuits

A

APs from one or a few neurons are amplified across many neurons

239
Q

what do diverging circuits do

A

stimulate motor units or info stored across CNS

240
Q

converging circuits

A

APs from many neurons converge to one neuron

241
Q

what do converging circuits result in

A

many inputs from various stimuli ca result in emotions

242
Q

where are reflex decisions made

A

the spinal cord

243
Q

which type of fiber in the CNS is mylinated

A

the preganglionic fiber

244
Q

what are the only type of motor neurons the reproductive system is associated with

A

parasympathetic

245
Q

what are the only type of motor neurons the arteries are associated woith

A

sympathetic

246
Q

where are the most leaky sodium channels

A

the SA node

247
Q

what are the 5 types of vessels

A 
arteries
arterials
capillaries
veins
venules
248
Q

whwre do arteries move blood

A

away from heart

249
Q

what is the structure of arteries like

A

round and thick

250
Q

arterials

A

small branches coming off of arteries

251
Q

capillaries

A

exchange vessels

252
Q

venules

A

collect blood from capillary beds

253
Q

veins

A

return blood to heart

254
Q

what kind of muscle are areteries made of

A

smooth

255
Q

name 3 things vessels contain

A

muscle
elastic fibers
collagen

256
Q

name 3 things collagen provide

A

flexibility
strength
control

257
Q

what do the elastic fibers in arteries do

A

recoil

258
Q

what do veins do differently than arteries

A

stretch

259
Q

what are the thinnest types of vessels

A

capillaries

260
Q

why are capillaries thin?

A

to promote diffusion

261
Q

is there muscle in capillaries

A

no

262
Q

what do capillary beds have a TON of

A

SURFACE AREA

263
Q

perfused

A

containing blood flow

264
Q

what percentage of capillaries are perfused at rest

A

25

265
Q

sphincter

A

ring of muscle that regulkates blood flow into capillaries

266
Q

where is most of the blood located and baout what oercentage

A

the veins and baout 64

267
Q

what part of the CNS releases neurons to squeeze veins

A

the sympathetic

268
Q

how do veins prevent backflow

A

valves

269
Q

name 2 types of venous assitance

A

skeletal muscle

respitory pump

270
Q

whta helps veins move against gravioty

A

skeletal muscle

271
Q

how does the resp pump help venular blood flow

A

by creating pressure differences

272
Q

are all fluid compartments in the body connected?

A

YES

273
Q

what do you use to measure gas levels in blood

A

arteries

274
Q

what is the better diagnostic zone to check for everything but gas levels

A

veins

275
Q

name 3 venous resevres

A

skin
liver
lungs

276
Q

2 symptoms of vericose veins

A

blood pooling in stretched lower veins

breaking or separating valves

277
Q

name 4 things the blood can transport

A

gas
nutrients
hormones
metabolic waste

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