BIO141 Exam 2 Flashcards
skeletal muscle
voluntary control
body movement, facial expression, speech, breathing
cardiac muscle
involuntary
heart muscle
smooth muscle
involuntary control
digestive system, heart, iris
4 things all muscle types have in common
excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity
excitability
the ability of cells to produce action potentials
contractility
the ability of cells the shorten
extensibility
the ability of cells to stretch
elasticity
when cells stretch they can go back to normal size
what is the tough connective tissue that joins bones to skeletal muscle
tendon
fascicles
bundles of muscle cells
what do you call individual muscle cells
muscle fibers
what do you call the membrane of a muscle cell
sarcolemma
cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells
sarcoplasm
myofibrils
bundles of protein found within the sarcoplasm
individual overlapping protein strands found within myfibrils
myofilaments
name the two types of myofilaments
thick and thin
overlapping units of thick and thin filaments
sarcomere
what happens to filaments as a muscle contracts
the slide past one another
what is the protein that makes up thin filaments
actin
protein that makes up thick filaments
myosin
complex network of tubes and sacs in the sarcoplasm
sarcoplasmic reticulum
what kind of ions are found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what do they lie around
calcium lies around myofilaments
terminal cisternae
large flat sacs sitting at the end of the sarcolasmic reticulum
where do trqanseverse tubules travel
from the terminal cisternae to the surface of the celland directly to the sarcolemma
what travels through t tubules and what gets released as a result
action potentials travel down t tubules and release calcium in the sarcoplasm
what does the calcium in the sarcoplasm do?
casues myofilaments to change shape so that muscles contract
sarcomere
series of thick and thin muscle filament
which type of filament has a head
myosin thick filament
f actin
the long string of beads associated with thin filament
g actin
the beads of thin filament
where is the active site located on thin filament?
on the g actin
what covers active sites when muscles are relaxed
tropomyosin
troponin
small proteins which calcium attaches to in order to change the shape, moving the tropomyosin so the myosin heads can attach to the active sites and contract the sarcomere
what releases the calcium that attaches to troponin
sarcoplasmic reticulum
neurons that stimulate muscle cells
motor neurons
the synapse between the motor neuron and the muscle cell
neuromuscular junction
where is there a higher concentration of calcium
outside the cell
how do voltage gated calcium channels become opened
they are activated by action potentials moving downthe axon of the motor neauron to the synaptic knobvCAUSING IT TO OPEN
how does calcium get into the motor neauron
after the action potentials open the voltage gated calcium channels calcium DIFFUSES into the SYNAPTIC KNOB
what does calcium do once it is in the cytoplasm of the motor neuron?
it attaches to proteins which activate to move synamptic vesicles full of acetylcholine toward the cell memebrane
what do the synaptic vesicles hold and what happens to it
they hold the acetylcholine that gets released into the synaptic cleft
tiny space between the motor neuron and muscle cell
synaptic cleft
what does acetycholine do once it gets into the synaptic cleft
it diffuses to attach to a cholergenic receptor
what ion does the cholergenic receptor allow into the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell
sodium
what is the depolarization and repolarization of the muscle cell via acetylcholine called
end plate potential
epp
end plate potential
what does the depolarization phase of the epp cause
the excitation ofnearby voltage gated sodium channels
where does the action potential caused by the depolarization phase of the epp eventually travel to
the t tubules and inside the muscle cell
what does the action potential that travels through the t tubules cause
the calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open
from where in the sarcplasmic reticulum in the calcium relased
terminal cisternae
what is the activated position
when energy from ATP was used to pull the myosin head back like a spring
cross bridge formation
when the myosin heads are in activated position and attached to the active sites
what happens immediately after cross bridge formation
myosin heads bend further pulling the actin toward the center of the sarcomere
what is it called then myosin heads pull actin toward the center of the sarcomere
the power stroke
what is released during the power stroke
adp and p from the myosin head
what causes the myosin head to detach from the active site
a new ATP molecule
what is it called when atp is broken down
hydrolyzed
what moves the myosin head back to its orginal position after the power stroke
a second ATP molecule
what happens when the sarcomere is as its original postion
your muscles are relaxed
what happens when you stop sending action potentials to the synaptic knob
calcium gated channels are closed and calcium pumps pump the calcium OUT
what happens to leftover acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft (3)
enzymes such as acetycholine esterase break it down
it diffuses away
some are transported back into the synaptic knob
what happens when action potentials stop traveling down t tubules
calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum close and calcium pumps pump calcium back into the sarcoplsmic reticulum
What does the right pump in the heart do
receives blood from body
what does the left pump of the heart do
send blood to the rest of the body
name the two chambers of the heart
right and left atria
right and left ventricle
what are the upper 2 chambers of the heart
the atria
what are the lower 2 chambers of the heart called
ventricles
what separates the atrium from the ventricles
the atrioventricular AV valve
through what does blood from the body enter the right atrium
superior and inferior vena cava
from where does blood from the lungs enter the left atrium
the pulmonary vein
what prevents blood from flowing into the atriums when the ventricles contract
the AV valve
where does blood from the right ventricle flow to
through the semilunar pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery
where does blood in the left ventricle flow to
through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta
from where is the first heart sound
the closure of the av valve when ventricles contract
from where does the second heart sound come
the closure of the semilunar valves when the ventricles relax
what type of blood does the superior vena cava contain
oxygen depleted blood from the head anfd shoulders
what kind of blood does the inferior vena cava contain
oxygen depleted blood from the abdomin and lower limbs
what type of blood do the pulmonary veins carry
high oxygen blood from the lungs to the heart
in what manner does the heart fill with blood
from the bottom to the top
ventricles up to the atrium
once the 4 chambers of the heart fill with blood which parts contract
the left and right atrium to create pressure in the ventricles
where is blood in the pulmonary artery going
toward the lungs
the portion of the pathway that carries blood cells to and from the lungs
the pulmonary circuit
thw portion of the pathway that carries blood to and from the rest of the body cells
systemic circuit
what happens to blood pressure as blood is more distant from the aorta
is drops
what is the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is contracting
systole
what is the phase of the heart cycle when the heart is relaxing
diastole
when you measure blood pressure what two things are you measuring
systolic and diastolic blood pressure
what 2 devices are used to measure blood pressure audio
a sthethoscope and a sphygonamometer
the sound that is made when the cuff over the brachial artery is deflated
korotkoff
how do you indicate sytolic pressure
deplate the cuff until you hear korotcoff then read the sphygonamometer
how do you indicate diastolic pressure
deflate the cuff until the sound of korotkoff disappears and read the sphygonamometer
what 2 things make blood pressure vary
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
in what way id blood pressure recorded
systolic pressure over diastolic
what is the average blood pressure of a healthy adult
120/80 HGmm
where should one measure blood pressure
the brachial artery
the tendancy for an organism to maintain a fairly stable internal environment
homeostasis
name 3 examples of homeostasis
shivering, sweating, and urinating
self correcting systems that do not allow your body to exceed a certain set of limits
negative feedback loops
specialized nerve cells that measure blood pressure
baroreceptors
where are barorecptors found
large arteries around the heart
what do the barorecptors do if blood pressure is high
send more and more action potentials to the brainvia afferent neurons
in what part of the brain ais blood pressure controlled
the medulla oblongata
which circuit of neurons can increase and decrease heart rate
the cardiac control center
which circuit of neurons adjust the diameter of the blood vessels
the vasometer center
when blood vessels become narrower
vasoconstriction
when blood vessels become larger
vasodilation
name the 2 parts of the cardiac control center
the carioaccelatroy center and the cardioinhibitory center
what do neaurons in the cardioaccelatory center do
stimulate efferent motor neurons to cause the heart to beat afster
why are the motor neaurons in the cardioacceletory center symoathetic
they prepare the body for stressful activities
what do neurons in the cardioinhibitory center do
stimulate motor neurons which cause the heart to relax
why are the motor neaurons in the caridoinhibitory center parasympoathetic
they prepare the body for restful activity
what three parts create the negative feedback loop involved with blood pressure
the medulla oblongata, the heart/blood vessels, and the barorecptors
what happens to the cardioacceletory center when the barorecptors send more action potentials
the cardioacceletory center sends fewer action potentials
what happens to the cardioinhibitory center when the barorecptors send more action potentials
the cardioinhibitory center sends more action potentials down the paraympathetic motor neurons to slow the heart
what happens when the barorecptors send many action potentials to the vasometer center
fewer action potentials travel down the sympathetic motor neurons and vessels vasodilate
if a cell can produce action potentials at regular intervals
autorhythmic
heart muscle cells
cardiac myocites
why are cardiac myocites able to contract in a coordinated fashion and travel repidly from cell to cell
intercalated disks
where are intercalated disks located
at the end of cells
what three parts make up intercalated disks
interdigitating folds
mechanical junctions
gap junctions
interconnecting folds of cell membrance
interdigitating folds
stong proteins that bind cardiac myocites and prevent them from tearing during heart beats
mechanical junctions
example of a mechanical junction
desmosomes
where places in intercollated disks connect the cytoplasm of one cardiac myocite to another
gap junctions
what do gap junctions make possible
action potentials to travel across all cardiac myocites at once so they can contract simultaneously
what are the 2 types of cardiac myocytes
contractile myocites
cellsof the cardiac condution system
cells that actually contract and push blood through arteries and heart chambers
contractile myocites
cells which most of the heart contain
contractile myocites
cells of the heart that are autorhythmic and generate action potentials
cells of the cardiac conution system
name 3 parts of the heart in order in which action potentials travel
right atria
left atria
to both ventricles imultaneously
the cluster of cells in the right atria in which action potentials begin
the SA node SINOATRIAL
which cells in the heart depolarize more rapidly than all others
cells of the SA node
do cells in the atria share gap junctions with cells in the ventricles
mostly no, only in one place
the pacemaker of the heart
the sinoatrial SA node
the cluster of cells that allow action potentials to travel from the atri to the ventricles
the atrioventricular node AV
where do action potentials go after leaving the AV node
through the atrioventricular bundle
what happens to action potentials once they pass through the av bundle
they split into 2 directions toward the left or right ventricles
what is the wall that separates the ventricles
interventricular septum
what happens when action potentials hit the bottom of the heart
they reach the purkinje fibers
what do the purkinje fibers do
they ensure that action potentials reach all contractile myocytes
another name for purkinje fibers
subendocardial fibers
electrocardiograph
the machine that measures small action potential differences in the extracellular fluid of the body
electrocardiogram
the display of the small voltage changes across the body
what happens to the extracellular fluid around the atria when depolarization occurs
the extracellular fluid becomes mroe negative due to the loss of positive sodium ions
where do you measure the differences in voltage when using an ECG
the right and left side of the body
to what range can an ECG measure
microvolts
is an ECG the same as a cardiac action potential
NO DAMMIT
p wave
caused as cardiac cells depolarize the atria
qrs complex
caused as action potentials depolarize the cells of the ventricles
t wave
caused by the repolarization occuring in the centricles
p-q segment
time between atrial and ventricular depolarization
another name for a healthy ECG
normal sinus rhythm
during which wave do the atria begin to contract
p wave
during which wave do the ventricles begin to contract
the q wave
during which wave does ventricluar relaxtion occur
the t wave
when a part of the cardiac conduction system is not working properly
heart block
first degree heart block
cardiac conduction system is slow to transmit action potentials from atriua to ventricles
what shows first degree heart block on an ECG
a delayed p to q interval
what can cause first degree heart block
problems in the AV bundle or AV node
second degree heart block
severe problems in the av bundle or node
what shows second degree heart block on an ECG
p waves that are not always followed by QRS complexes
third degree heart block
action potentials from the AV bundle or node are not reaching the ventricles at all COMPLETE HEART BLOCK
why can you still live with third degree heart block?
all cells in the heart are autorhythmic, but the SA NODE depolarizes much faster
what do you call a pacemaker that is outside of the SA node
an ecotopic pacemaker
no coordination of heartbeat
fibrillation
defibrillator
delivers an electric shock to the heart to stop fibrillation
what will electric shock do to a cell
depolarize it
cardiac output
how much blood your heart pumps out per minute
what 2 things does cardiac output depend on
how fast the heart is ebating and the force with which the heart contracts
the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat
stroke volume
the amount of heart beats per minute
heart rate
mathematical formula for cardiac output
herat beats per minute time stroke volume per contraction
anythign that effects how fast the heart contracts
chronoitropic
anything that effects how forecefully the heart contracts
inotropic
what larger system is the cardiac control center a part of
the autonomic nervous system
receptors that monitor oxygen and co2 content of blood
chemoreceptors
receptors that monitor activity and position of limbs
proprioreceptors
a collention of synapses that connect one motor neuron to another
a ganglion
conducts action potentials from the CNS to the ganglion
preganglionic receptor
conducts action potentials from the ganglion to the organ
postganglionic recptor EFFECTOR
do the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS share the same neurons?
no, they use different ganglionic fibers and motor neurons
where in the body are sympathetic gangle usually located
near the spinal cord
where in the body are parasympathetic ganglia usually located
near the organ or as part of the organ
what is the neuron sued bu the parasympathetic post ganglia
acetylcholine
what is the neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic post ganglia
neuropenephrine
what is special about ganglias and heart cells
they form neuromuscular junctions with the SA node
what kind of receptor receives norepenephrine
agrenergic
in the heart, what do adregernic receptors open and close
sodium channels
in the heart what do cholergenic receptors open and close
potassium channels
name a third neurotransmitter that can effect heartbeat and how
epenrphrine can affect calcium levels and increase strength of cardiac contraction
what does acetocholine do to the SA node
hyperpolarization and less frequent action potential
how does acetocholine affect calcium lvels around the heart
it lowers the calcium levels in the cytoplasm and decreases the strength of the heart beat
quiescent period
when both the atria and ventricles are relaxed
atrial systole
everything that happens when the atria contract
isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles
everything that occurs when the ventricles contract and the semilunar valves are shut
ventricular systole
everything that happens when the ventricles contract
ventricular ejection
everything that happenbs during ventricular contractrion when the semilunaer valaves are open
isovolumetric relaxtion
everything that occurds when the ventricles relax but the av valves are closeed
effeerent neurons
emit impulses away from brin
afferent neurons
emit impulses toward the brain
EPSP and what does it do
excitatory post synaptic potential moves toward threshold voltage to creat action potentials
IPSP
inhibitory post synaptic potential moves away from threshold
what two types of chemicals “gith it out” until a channel opens
IPSP AND EPSP
how does the cns receieve info?
in the form of action potentials
how can the cns interpret different action potentials
neural coding
weak stimulus causes
fewer actions potentials per second
strong stimulus causes
many action potentials per second
what two parts make up the cnetral nervous system
the brain and the spinal cord
telencephalon
speech, though, sensory perception, memory, VOLUNTARY CONTROL
what does the diencephalon control
involuntary functions such as emotions hunger thirst
mesencephalon
relays ifnromation to hgiher brain centers
metencephalon
coordinates movement of skeletal muscle
myelenacephalon
cardiac, viamotor, and respitory systems
peripheral nervous system
all parts of the CNS except brain and spinal cord
sesnory neaurons
afferent fibers
motor neurons
efferent fibers
autonomic nervous system
sensory and motor neurons involved in everything except skeletal muscle
sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
fight or flight responses and preparing the body for physical activity
parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
calming effect, resting, digesting
how many enaurons does it take to get from cns to effector
TWO
names 3 types of effectors
organs
glands
smooth muscle
what do preganglionic neurons always release
acetocholine
what two neurotransmitters do post ganglionic fibers release
acetocholine and neropenphrine
sympathetic fibers relase
neropenephrine
parasympoathetic fibers alwasy realease
acetocholine
most organs are innervated by both…
para and sym fibers
name three places in the body where para and sym have antagonistic effects
heart
diaphragm
gi tract
where do para and sym have cooperative effects
slaivary glands
how does symp effect the heeart
more axc potentials and excites
how does sympp effect the diaphragm
more ax potentials and excites
how does sym effect the GI tract
more ax potentials and inhibits
name two parts of the body that do not have dual innervation and which fibers
the arteries and the reprodutctive system
how is info such as mem and sleep wake cycles encoded in CNS
neauronal circuits
reverberating circuits
when APs stimulate the same set of neurons
what kinds of things do reverberating circuits control
sleepwake cycles
short term memory
respiraqtion
parallel after discharge neaurons
APs from input neuron stimulate the output neuron at different times
what do parallel after discharge neurons control
complex mental tasks
diverging circuits
APs from one or a few neurons are amplified across many neurons
what do diverging circuits do
stimulate motor units or info stored across CNS
converging circuits
APs from many neurons converge to one neuron
what do converging circuits result in
many inputs from various stimuli ca result in emotions
where are reflex decisions made
the spinal cord
which type of fiber in the CNS is mylinated
the preganglionic fiber
what are the only type of motor neurons the reproductive system is associated with
parasympathetic
what are the only type of motor neurons the arteries are associated woith
sympathetic
where are the most leaky sodium channels
the SA node
what are the 5 types of vessels
arteries arterials capillaries veins venules
whwre do arteries move blood
away from heart
what is the structure of arteries like
round and thick
arterials
small branches coming off of arteries
capillaries
exchange vessels
venules
collect blood from capillary beds
veins
return blood to heart
what kind of muscle are areteries made of
smooth
name 3 things vessels contain
muscle
elastic fibers
collagen
name 3 things collagen provide
flexibility
strength
control
what do the elastic fibers in arteries do
recoil
what do veins do differently than arteries
stretch
what are the thinnest types of vessels
capillaries
why are capillaries thin?
to promote diffusion
is there muscle in capillaries
no
what do capillary beds have a TON of
SURFACE AREA
perfused
containing blood flow
what percentage of capillaries are perfused at rest
25
sphincter
ring of muscle that regulkates blood flow into capillaries
where is most of the blood located and baout what oercentage
the veins and baout 64
what part of the CNS releases neurons to squeeze veins
the sympathetic
how do veins prevent backflow
valves
name 2 types of venous assitance
skeletal muscle
respitory pump
whta helps veins move against gravioty
skeletal muscle
how does the resp pump help venular blood flow
by creating pressure differences
are all fluid compartments in the body connected?
YES
what do you use to measure gas levels in blood
arteries
what is the better diagnostic zone to check for everything but gas levels
veins
name 3 venous resevres
skin
liver
lungs
2 symptoms of vericose veins
blood pooling in stretched lower veins
breaking or separating valves
name 4 things the blood can transport
gas
nutrients
hormones
metabolic waste
