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College! > SOILS 101 FINAL > Flashcards

SOILS 101 FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

6 functions of soil

A

Support plant growth

Control fate of water

Nature’s recycling system

Atmosphere modifier

Habitat

Engineering medium

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2
Q

6 ways soils support plants

A

nutrients

water

air

physical support

temperature

protection from toxins

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3
Q

Size sand:

A

1-.05mm

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4
Q

size silt:

A

.05-.002mm

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5
Q

size clay

A

less than .002mm

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6
Q

what is weathering?

A

a biochemical and physical process that involves both destruction and synthesis

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7
Q

3 ways to physically weather soils

A

temperature

freeze/thaw

water, ice, and wind abrasion

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8
Q

biochemical processes of weathering

A

water and acis produced by microbes

rust

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9
Q

4 processes of soil formation

A

transformation

translocation

addition

loss

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10
Q

transofrmation

A

chemical or ohysical alteration

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11
Q

translocation

A

movement of soil by water

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12
Q

addition

A

material input from outside source such as eroded sediment

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13
Q

loss

A

material lost from soil due t water

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14
Q

what are the 5 master soil horizion layers?

A

O

A

E

B

C

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15
Q

O horizion

A

Mainly organic materials above mineral layers

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16
Q

A horizion

A

topmost mineral layer with a bit of organic matter to make it dark. coarse texture

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17
Q

e horizion

A

maximum leaching loss, eluviation of clay, often sandy and white

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18
Q

b horizon

A

zone of illuviation and clays. no longer can see parent material

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19
Q

c horizion

A

unconsolidated material under solum

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20
Q

what are the 5 factors that influence soil formation

A

parent materials

climate

biota

topography

times

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21
Q

when do biochemical reactions double

A

when they are raised 10 degrees CELS

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22
Q

Molic Epipedon

A

Thick Dark High base saturation

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23
Q

Melanic Epipedon

A

Thick Dark mineral horizoon derived from volcanic ash

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24
Q

histic epipedon

A

thick organic horizon forming inw et areas

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25
Q

argillic epipedon

A

high activity silicate clays

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26
Q

oxic

A

veyr highly weather with fe and al oxides

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27
Q

spodic

A

illuvial horizon with accumulation of organic matter and al oxide

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28
Q

fragipan

A

bx horizon of hgihly compacted dense brittle material that resisits any kind of penetration

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29
Q

6 soil physical properties

A

color

texture

structure

density

porosity

compaction

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30
Q

where do you find granular aggregates

A

a horizon

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31
Q

where do you find angular or blocky aggregates

A

b horizon

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32
Q

where do you find prismatic aggregates

A

b and c horizons

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33
Q

where do you find massive or structureless aggregates

A

any horizon

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34
Q

particle density

A

mass of solids/volume of solids

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35
Q

bulk density

A

mass of solids/volume of soil

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36
Q

what soil density includes pore space, and which does not?

A

particle density does not

bulk density does

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37
Q

size of macropores

A

greater than .08mm

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38
Q

size of mesopores

A

between .03-.08mm

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39
Q

size of micropores

A

less than .08mm

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40
Q

what percent of the worlds fresh water is in soil

A

33%

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41
Q

cohesion

A

attraction fpo water molecules to eachother

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42
Q

adhesion

A

attraction of water molecules to other surfaces

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43
Q

what is surface tension a result of

A

qwater molecules having a greater attraction to each other than air

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44
Q

name 3 forces that affect potential energy of water

A

gravity

matric

osmotic

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45
Q

matric force

A

water molecules being attracted to solid surfaces

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46
Q

osmotic force

A

attraction between water molecules and solutes

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47
Q

saturated soil

A

maximum retentive capacity 0kpa

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48
Q

field capacity

A

macropores filled with air -10 to -30 kpa

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49
Q

permenant wilting point

A

all pores filled with air

-1500 kpa

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50
Q

volumetric water content

A

volume of water per dry soil

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51
Q

gravimetric water content

A

mass of water per mass dry soil

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52
Q

what are the three types of water movement in soil

A

saturated

unsaturated

vapor

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53
Q

saturated flow

A

gravitational flow from high to low elevation

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54
Q

unsaturated flow

A

matric flow from high energy to low energy

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55
Q

tourtousity

A

soil pores are not straight like a cappillary

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56
Q

plant available water

A

volume of water present between field capacity and PWP

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57
Q

whta is the typical residence time of water in soil

A

1-2 months

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58
Q

evapotranspiration

A

wtaer lost through evaporation from soil or transpiration from leaves

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59
Q

when does infiltration excess occur

A

the rate of precipiation exceeds the rate of infiltration during hard rains

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60
Q

when does saturation xecess occur

A

amount of precipiation exceeds water holding copacity during long rains

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61
Q

acid mine drainage

A

oxidation of pyrite produces extreme acidity and soluble iron and sulfur

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62
Q

the best to the worst way for chemicals to travel through soil

A

matrix flow

marcopore flow

bypass flow

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63
Q

concentration fo what decreases with soil depth?

A

oxygen

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64
Q

what are the 2 methods of soil gas exchange

A

mass flow and diffusion

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65
Q

what makes diffusion happen

A

concentration gradients

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66
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of electrons in a substance therefore increasing valence charge

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67
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons therefore a decrease in valence charge

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68
Q

what is redox potential?

A

a measure of how aerobic or anaerobic a system is by measuring the tendency of a substance to give up or take electrons

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69
Q

what can anaerobic respiration lead to?

A

methane ethlyne dentitrification

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70
Q

what is a vernalization process?

A

seeds requiring a cold treatment before germination

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71
Q

at what temperature do biological processes cease

A

5 degrees celsius

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72
Q

at what high temperature does microbial activity die?

A

50-60 degrees celsius

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73
Q

frost heaving

A

soil freezing and pushing objects in it upward

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74
Q

what does rain do to the soil in the spring?

A

warms cool soils

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75
Q

what does rain do to soils in the summer?

A

cools hot soils

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76
Q

albedo

A

the fraction of sunlight reflected by land surface

77
Q

aspect

A

how the slope of land affects solar radiation

78
Q

What makes a charge variable?

A

ph levels

79
Q

what makes permanent charge

A

isomorphus subsitution

80
Q

cations

A

positive and attracted to negatively charged sites

81
Q

anions

A

negative and attracted to positively charged sites

82
Q

cation selectivity

A

some cations bind more strongly than others

83
Q

what is cec

A

the amount of cations a soil can contain per unit mass

84
Q

what happens to cec as soil ph increases

A

the cec increases

85
Q

what happens to anion exchnage as ph increases

A

anioon exchange decreases

86
Q

anions are _________

cations are _________

A

negative and attracted to positives in low ph

positive and attractued to negatives in high ph

87
Q

what is ph

A

the concentration of H+ in soil solution

88
Q

what happens to H+ concentration as ph increases

A

the H+ concentration goes down

89
Q

What is a ph buffer

A

Something that is resistant to change in ph

90
Q

At what ph do metals become very readily available

A

low ph

91
Q

What is calcitic limestone vs dolomitic limestone?

A

When little Mg is present in liming materials it is calcitic

When high levels of Mg are in liming material it is dolomitic

92
Q

What neutralizes acidity in liming material?

A

The carbonates, not the Mg and Ca

93
Q

What are 4 factors to take into consideration when liming a soil?

A

Change in ph required

Buffering capacity of the soil

The type of liming material to be used

The fineness of the liming material

94
Q

What is CCE?

A

The neutralizing value of liming materials.

CALCIUM CARBONATE EQUIVALENCY

95
Q

What is Alkalinity?

A

The concentration of OH+
inverse to acidity which is the concentration of H+

96
Q

Where do most alkaline soils exist?

A

In soils where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation.

DRY SOILS

97
Q

What is often deficient in alkaline soils? Which nutrient?

A

Microsutrients and Phosphate

98
Q

Where do saline soils reside?

A

In arears where water runs through the profile and takes up salt. This runoff eventually resides somewhere and concentrates the salts afetr evaporation

99
Q

How is salinity in soil measured?

A

Electrical Conductivity

100
Q

How do you correct a saline soil?

A

Flush it with irrigation water that can actually run off without concetrating

GYPSUM can be used as a chemical alternative to lower Na

101
Q

What do protists and nematodes prey on?

A

The primary decomposers

102
Q

What 4 factors in soil that affect microorganism growth?

A

Organic Matter

Aeration

Moisture and Temperature

Soil fertility an ph

103
Q

What are the 3 things that make up Organic Matter and what does OM contain in general?

A

Plant Residue

Animal remains and excretes

Living soil microbes

REDUCED CARBON

104
Q

What compounds decompose fast in soil and have a quikc nutrient release?

A

Sugars and proteins of green cover crop and manure

105
Q

what compounds have a very slow rate of decomposition?

A

Lignin humus that comes from wood and compost

106
Q

Name 4 ways to increase input of OM

A

return crop residue

add cover crop

diversifiy crop rotations

add other sources of OM

107
Q

Name 4 internal providers of nutrients

A

mineral weathering

biological nitrogen fixation

atmospheric deposition

internal recyling of nutrients such as manure

108
Q

What are 2 external nutrient providers

A

organic and inorganic fertilizers

109
Q

what nutrient is affected by freeze thaw

A

K Potassium

110
Q

What are 3 essential plant ELEMENTS

A

Carbon obtained from CO2

Oxygen obtained from O2 and H2O

Hydrogen obtained from H2O

111
Q

When does volitalization occur?

A

When levels of ammonium are high

112
Q

When does denitrification occur?

A

By biological means (bacteria) under anaerobic conditions

113
Q

Of the macronutrients, which has very low concentrations?

A

P

114
Q

What greatly increases P uptake?

A

Mycorrhizal fungi

115
Q

What is the primary root of P to water systems?

A

Runoff and erosion

116
Q

what nutrient is most abundant in soils, but not readily availabale?

A

Potassium

117
Q

Where is K held in soils?

A

Feldspars and Micas

118
Q

Enrichment ratio

A

Eroded sediments are enriched with NPK and OM more so than they soil from which they were eroded

119
Q

Contaminant

A

A material or chemical present in soil greater than normal concentration

120
Q

Pollutant

A

A material in soil present at a high enough concentratiuon to cause harm

121
Q

Name 8 common types of contaminants

A

Nutrients

Pesticides

Hazardous organic chemicals

Hazardous Materials

Trace Elements

Acidification

Salinity

Sediments

122
Q

5 peices of technical information when soil contaminants are studied

A

Normal Background levels

How long the contaminant will persist

Bioavailability

Transport

Toxicity to what organisms?

123
Q

Volitalization

A

conversion to gaseous forms

124
Q

3 fates of organic chemicals

A

volitalization

decomposition

sorption

125
Q

What are 3 ways a chemical can decompose and which is the most common

A

BIOLOGICAL MOST COMMON

Photo

Chemical

126
Q

in situ soil remidiation

A

treatment of soil without removal

127
Q

ex situ remediation

A

physical removal of soil.

favored in site with high concentrations in small areas

128
Q

2 methods of ex situ remediation

A

solidification

vitrification

129
Q

solidification

A

mixing soil with solidifying agent to produce concretet like product

130
Q

vitrification

A

heating soil to a high temp like 2000 degrees celcius to produce a melt that is glasslike material

131
Q

4 methods of in situ remediation

A

solidification

electrokinetics

encapsulation

attenuation

132
Q

can solidification and vitrification be done both in situ and ex situ

A

yes

133
Q

electrokinetics

A

appliation of electrical field to mobilize contaminant toward cathode or anode

134
Q

encapsulation

A

covering a site with a layer of low permeability material

135
Q

attenuation

A

dillution with an uncontaminated material to reduce concentration

136
Q

Phytostabilization

A

vegetate a site in order to prevent contaminant from being transported via water or wind erosion

137
Q

phytoextraction

A

removal of contaminant by plant uptake

138
Q

What do chelates do?

A

increase metal solubility for phytoextraction via hyperaccumulators

139
Q

What does a triple superphosphate do to soil in AMENDING SOIL

A

Makes contaminants very NOT bioavailable

140
Q

What is an in vitro bioavailablity test do?

A

Mimics the human GI track

141
Q

What is a bioreactor ex situ method?

A

soil introduced usually as slurry to allow complete control of environmental factors

142
Q

what is a land farming?

A

Spreading contaminated soil over large areas to dilute concentrations and allow indigenous soil microbes to degrade contaminants

143
Q

what microorganism ahs the greatest biomass?

A

fungi

144
Q

organic to inorganic

inorganic to organic

A

mineralization

immobilization

145
Q

what is the smallest pool of p

A

soil solution

146
Q

what are the 2 primary ways to lose SOM

A

erosion and decomposition

147
Q

what favors net mineralization

A

a low C:N ratio less than 20:1

148
Q

microorganism with greatest number in soils

A

bacteria

149
Q

3 properties of plant residue that affect decomposition

A

chemical content

surface area

C:N ratio

150
Q

reduction of nitrogen to its gaseous form

A

denitrification

151
Q

ammonia to ammonium

A

volitalization

152
Q

does a high C:P ratio cause greater than 300:1

A

Immobilization

153
Q

what are stable organic materials highly resistant to change

A

the passive pool

154
Q

what process adds most notrogen to soil

A

biological nitrogen fixation

155
Q

name 2 ways to limit p from agriculture to waterways

A

limit p accumulation and erosion

156
Q

what type of n is not susceptible to leaching, denitrification, and volitalization?

A

organic N

157
Q

an alkaline soils much p is held in this pool?

A

Calcium phosphates

158
Q

What are the three steps of soil testing?

A

obtain example

test

interpret

159
Q

classification of mineral soils based on sand silt or clay

A

textural class

160
Q

what are the two factors that drive weathering

A

water and soil microbes

161
Q

the attraction of water to a hydrophillic surface

A

adhesion

162
Q

what are the three steps of water erosion

A

detachment, transport, deposition

163
Q

water in this pool has a residence time of 1-2 months

A

soil solution

164
Q

arrangement of soil particles in large aggregates

A

granular

165
Q

name 5 factors that determine soil formation

A

parent material, climate, bioto, time, topography

166
Q

difference between water added and lost

A

soil water storage

167
Q

void spaces between large soil particles that allow infikltration and aeration

A

macropores

168
Q

what is removal of material from a zone or horizion?

A

elluviation

169
Q

What is it called when you add material to a horizion/zone?

A

illuviation

170
Q

weight of water in a given soil weight

A

gravimetric sil water content

171
Q

what force primarily acts onw ater in saturated soil

A

gravity

172
Q

from what does orange and red oxisols come

A

iron oxides

173
Q

what do you call soil material weathered in place

A

residual parent material

174
Q

what force moves soil water in unsaturated soils?

A

matric force

175
Q

soil compacytion causes this parameter to increase

A

bulk density

176
Q

chemicals dissolved in water move fast to groundwater

A

bypass flow

177
Q
A
178
Q
A
179
Q

what is effective precipitation?

A

water that infiltrates

This is better in flat areas than sloped areas

180
Q

What are the three pools of acidicty

A

Acitive

Exchangeble

Residual

181
Q

What form of aluminum is most toxic to plants

A

Al3+

182
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

organisms that obtain their carbon and energy from sources previously produced by other organisms

183
Q

chemoautotroph

A

Organisms that get their carbon and energy from minerals

184
Q

photoheterotroph

A

organisms that get their carbon from materials previously produced by other organisms and their energy from the sun

185
Q

photoautotroph

A

organisms that get their carbon from CO2 and their energy from the sun

186
Q

What macronutrient does manure contain a TON of

A

p

187
Q
A
188
Q

What is the main force behind soil detachment?

A

RAINDROPS

189
Q

Why are erosion rates in forest soils slow?

A

Good O horizon and ground cover

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