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College! > Bio 141 Exam 1 > Flashcards

Bio 141 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the membrane made of?

A

Hydrophobic lipids

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Space between organs

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3
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A

DNA

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4
Q

What does DNA contain

A

Instructions to make proteins

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of substance from high concentration to low.

GRADIENT REQUIRED

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6
Q

Membrane Protein

A

Substance “doorway”

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7
Q

Rough ER location and function

A

Located near nucleus and is involved in shaping proteins

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8
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Second step in protein shaping after rough ER

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP producer powerhouse babay!

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10
Q

Smooth ER

A

Storage sacks

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11
Q

Vesicles

A

Movable storage sacks

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water from an area with more freeh20 molecules to less

movement of water toward a SALTIER solution

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13
Q

What must substances be to dissolve in water?>

A

Polar

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14
Q

Solutes

A

Dissolve in water

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15
Q

Solvent

A

The liquid in which the solute dissolves

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16
Q

Can h20 molecules in a hydration sphere move?

A

Yes, but with more difficulty than free h2o molecules

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17
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Equal concentration of solutes in extra and intra

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18
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Lower solute outside cell

Water moves into cell and SWELLS

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19
Q

96% of matter in organisms are these 4 elements:

A

HONC

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20
Q

Non Polar hydrophilic or phobic

A

hydrophobic

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21
Q

Polar hydrophilic or phobic

A

hydrophilic

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22
Q

What is the reference point for isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic?

A

The extracellular fluid is compared to the intra (STANDARD)

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23
Q

Tonicity

A

How an external solution will affect the inside of a cell

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

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24
Q

What does active transport require?

A

energy in the form of ATP

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25
Q

What does active transport move against

A

A concentration gradient

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26
Q

What does facilitated diffusion require?

A

a concentration gradient, NOT ATP

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27
Q

Where does the Na and K go when pumped?

A

Na goes outside

K goes inside

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28
Q

Do sodium potassium pumps require ATP

A

Yes, ions are moved against the concentration gradient

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29
Q

Voltage

A

Separation of charged particles

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30
Q

Current

A

The flow of charged particles

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31
Q

resistance

A

Anything that slows current

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32
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Ions in equilibrium inside and outside of the cell

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33
Q

What is the average RMP/RMV?

A

-70mV

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34
Q

Soma

A

Cell body

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35
Q

What does the SOMA contain

A

nucleus

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36
Q

What are the extensions that come off of the Soma called??

A

Dendrites

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37
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Increase the surface area to accommodate for more protein passageways

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38
Q

Synaspe

A

Small area between two dendrites

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39
Q

Axon

A

The long extenstion of the soma

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40
Q

Where di voltage changes occur?

A

The triggher zone/axon hillock

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41
Q

What is the membrane sheath that acts as insulation

A

Myelin Sheath

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42
Q

What is a common small chemical messenger that acts as a key to proteins in membranes

A

Ligand

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43
Q

Depolarization

A

Membrane voltage increases from resting membrance potential

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44
Q

Small changes in membrane voltage that result in no tangible way

A

Local potentials

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45
Q

What ion is entering the cell during depolarization?

A

Na

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46
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Membrane voltage decreasing from RMV

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47
Q

Repolarization

A

Voltage returning back to Resting Membrane Potential

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48
Q

How do ligands affect voltage gated channels?

A

They bring the voltage up to threshold by allowing ions in

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49
Q

Where are the majority of ligand gated channels located?

A

Dendrites coming off of the soma

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50
Q

Where are the majority of voltage gated channels located?

A

The Axon Hillock

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51
Q

What goes into voltage gated channels?

A

Na

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52
Q

What goes out of voltage gated channels?

A

K

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53
Q

What flows more easily through voltage gated channels?

A

Na (Automatic door)

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54
Q

What flows more difficultly through voltage gated channels?

A

K (Manual Door)

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55
Q

What happens to the flow of K once a cell begins to repolarize?

A

The Na doors close and allow K to flow more freely outward to enhance repolarization

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56
Q

What causes the slight hyperpolarization that occurs when a cell is returning back to RMV?

A

The K doors take a bit too long to close

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57
Q

What forms the nucleus of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

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58
Q

Isotope

A

A version of at atom with a different amount of protons and neutrons

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59
Q

Do neutrons affect AM?

A

Yes

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60
Q

What is an ion?

A

Any molecule that has charge

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61
Q

What are molecules?

A

Atoms bound together

62
Q

Covalent bond

A

When atoms bond by shared electrons

63
Q

How does a polar covalent bond work?

A

The electrons shared by two atoms are shared unequally

64
Q

What kind of polar covalent bond does water have?

A

The hydrogen is positive and the O is negative

65
Q

What happens when electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms?

A

Non-polar covalent bond

66
Q

Ionic bond

A

When a positive atom is attracted to a negative ion

67
Q

Which is stronger: Covalent or ionic bond?

A

Covalent

68
Q

What do hydrogen bonds do?

A

The weakly bond neighboring molecules

69
Q

Do hydrogen bonds create molecules?

A

NO

70
Q

Electrolyte

A

Any molecule that becomes an ion when mixed with water

71
Q

What do you call the water shell that forms around an ion or molecule?

A

Hydration Sphere

72
Q

What kind of substances dissolvein water?

A

Polar

73
Q

Why do oils not dissolve in water?

A

They are not charged and never form a hydration sphere

74
Q

What is an electrolyte that releases a hydrogen ion in water?

A

An Acid

75
Q

What is an electrolyte that that binds a hydrogen molecule in water?

A

A Base

76
Q

ph of hydrocholric acid

A

0

77
Q

ph of stoimach acid

A

2

78
Q

ph of lemon juice

A

3

79
Q

ph of urine

A

5

80
Q

ph of saliva

A

6.5

81
Q

ph of blood

A

7.4

82
Q

ph of pancreatic juice

A

8

83
Q

ph of ammonia cleaners

A

11

84
Q

ph of oven cleaners

A

13.5

85
Q

ph of sodium hydroxide

A

14

86
Q

What is a monomer?

A

The basic building blocks to make larger molecules like polymers
MADE BY MOST COMMON ELEMENTS

87
Q

Name 5 common monomers

A

glucose, glycerol and fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides

88
Q

Name 4 important polymers

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

89
Q

The polymer carbohydrate is built from what?

A

The monomer glucose

90
Q

2 types of lipids in the human body

A

fats and phopholipids

91
Q

What do plants sue glucose molecules for?

A

To build starch

92
Q

How is glycogen made?

A

In the liver by shaping and combing glucose monomers

93
Q

What is the primary function of a carbohydrate?

A

Energy

94
Q

What is a fatty acid molecule made of?

A

long chains of covalently bonded carbon

95
Q

What is a glycerol molecule made of?

A

a short chain of 3 carbon atoms covalently bonded

96
Q

How is fat and oil made?

A

By attaching 3 fatty acid chains to a glycerol molecule

97
Q

Are fatty acids a glycerol polar or non?

A

non polar

98
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Does not dissolve in water

99
Q

What are phospoholipids made of?

A

2 fatty acids with a glycerol backbone

100
Q

What do phospholipids have instead of a third fatty acid

A

A nitrogen and phosphate group attached to the third carbon in the glycerol molecule

101
Q

What is interesting about phospholipds and water?

A

the nitrogen and phosphate group is polar and therefore water loving (hydrophilic)

102
Q

What is the head of a phopholipid

A

the nitrogen phosphate group

103
Q

what is the tail of a phospholipid?

A

the 2 fatty acid chains

104
Q

What is a micelle?

A

The sphere formed when a phopholipid group of molecules is in water

105
Q

How is a phospholipid bilayer formed

A

the tails and heads of phospholipids line up

106
Q

what polymer is built from amino acids

A

protein

107
Q

how many amino acids can be used to build proteins?

A

20

108
Q

what is the chemical bacnbone all amine acids share?

A

a central carbon bonded to an amino on one side and a carboxly group on the other

109
Q

what makes the twenty different amino acids distinct of one another

A

the R group

110
Q

what does the final function of a protein rely on

A

the one of twenty amino acids used to nbuild it which is dependent on that amin acid’s r group

111
Q

name the two non polar amindo acids

A

valine and tyrosine

112
Q

name the three polar amino acids

A

argenine, cysteine, and aspartic acid

113
Q

what happens during dehydration synthesis

A

OH (hydroxyl molecule) of the carboxyl group on one amino acid is removed, and a hydrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid is removed.

114
Q

what is the result of dehydration synthesis

A

a water molecule and a covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amindo group of a second amino acid

115
Q

what is the covalent bond shared between 2 amino acids called?

A

a peptide bond or protein!

116
Q

how many levels are there to protein structure

A

4

117
Q

what is primary structure

A

the simple linear order of the 20 amino acids in a protein

118
Q

what is secondary structure

A

when the amino acids of a protein are woven into pleated sheets or spirals

119
Q

what is the spiral called in secondary structure

A

an alpha helix

120
Q

what is tertiary structure

A

the further folding of the secondary sheet or slinky into a more complex pattern by the r groups activity

121
Q

what causes the twisting and bending in secondary structure?

A

hydrogen bons amond carboxyls and aminos

122
Q

what is qauternary structure

A

when two or more proteins and associated with each other

123
Q

name an example of a quaterary level protein

A

hemoglobin

124
Q

name the 2 nucleic acids

A

dna and rna

125
Q

which monomers build the plymers DNA and RNA

A

nucleotides

126
Q

what is a gene

A

a sequence of nucleotides that carries instructions tobuild one protein

127
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

to contain the dna for making proteins in a cell

128
Q

what does the smooth er do?

A

stores hormones and stuff for complex functions

129
Q

which organelles are involved in protein synthesis

A

nucleus, rough ER, and golgi

130
Q

name three things found in the cytoplasm

A

proteins, elctrolytes, and cell organelles

131
Q

tonicty

A

the ability of an external solution (the ECF) to have an effect on the volume and pressure of the fluid inside a cell (the ICF).

132
Q

what is it called when a protein is required to transport molecules in and out of the cell

A

carrier mediated transport

133
Q

are hydrophobic solutes involved in carrier mediated transport

A

NO! they can go through a semipermiable membrane without proteins

134
Q

cations

A

ions with a positive charge

135
Q

anions

A

ions with a negative charge

136
Q

what is membrane voltage due to

A

their being more cations outside of the cell than inside

137
Q

what is it called when membrane voltage is not at aoint where it is interacting with its environment?

A

resting membrane potential/voltage

138
Q

what is a neuron

A

single cell that is specialized to transmit electric signals from one part of the body to anothe`

139
Q

what does one call the elctrical signals given off by a neuron

A

impulses

140
Q

what are neurons called that transfer impulses away from the brain

A

efferent neurons

141
Q

What neuron travels from the spinal cord to just above the knee

A

the sicatic knee

142
Q

what do you call neurons that send impulses toward the brain

A

afferent neurons

143
Q

what is a nerve?

A

a series of neurons

144
Q

what is the projection off the soma called

A

the axon

145
Q

what is the swollen area between the axon and soma called

A

the axon hillock

146
Q

what is the end of the axon called

A

the axon terminal or synaptic knob

147
Q

If myelin sheaths are present, where are they found?

A

around scwhwann cells on the axon

148
Q

what is the purpose of myelin sheaths?

A

helping the impulses go faster

149
Q

why is there more sodium outside the cells and more potassium inside the cell

A

sodium potassium pumps

150
Q

in which direction does the sodium and potassium flow while being pumped

A

sodium out and potassium in

151
Q

what happens to potassium when voltage gated potassium channels reach threshold voltage

A

the potassium leaves the cell resulting in repolarization

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