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Biology A-level > Smoking > Flashcards

Smoking Flashcards

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1
Q

Tobacco smoke contains…

A

4000 different chemicals, many of them toxic.

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2
Q

Mainstream smoke is from…

A

the filter to the mouth end.

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3
Q

Sidestream smoking from…

A

the burning tip, contains more toxic smoke than mainstream.

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4
Q

Passive smoking is when a person is exposed to…

A

sidestream smoking.

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5
Q

Main components of smoke:

A
  • tar
  • carbon monoxide
  • nicotine
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6
Q

Tar contains…

A

carcinogens. It settles on the lining of the airways and stimulates a series of changes that may lead to cancer.

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7
Q

Signs are…

A

visible expression of a disease (e.g. high temperature)

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8
Q

Symptoms cannot…

A

be visible and are reported by the patient (e.g. headache)

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9
Q

COPD stands for…

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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10
Q

In COPD chronic…

A

bronchitis and emphysema often occur together.

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11
Q

COPD is rarely…

A

reversible, e.g. quit smoking when young.

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12
Q

Chronic bronchitis causes…

A

severe cough and production of large quantities of phlegm.

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13
Q

Phlegm is a mixture of…

A

mucus, bateria and leucocytes.

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14
Q

Tar stimulates…

A

the goblet cells and mucous glands mucous glands to enlarge and secrete more mucus.

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15
Q

Tar inhibits…

A

the cleaning action of the ciliated epithelium in airways.

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16
Q

Tar destroys…

A

the cilia and weakness the sweeping action of the remaining

17
Q

During chronic bronchitis, mucus accumulates in…

A

bronchioles and the smallest become obstructed. The mucus is not moved, bacteria and dirt block the bronchioles. This stimulates a cough.

18
Q

Damaged tissue in the lungs is replaced by…

A

sear tissue. This means that bronchi become thicker and narrower, causing difficulties to breathe.

19
Q

During chronic bronchitis, infections easily…

A

develop in the mucus, the lining becomes inflamed, which narrows the airways even more.

20
Q

Emphysema happens when…

A

phagocytes leave the blood and line the airways.

21
Q

Phagocytes secrete…

A

enzyme elastase, which is used to reach the lining of the lungs.

22
Q

Elastase destroys…

A

elastin in the walls of alveoli, so they lose the ability to stretch and recoil. The bronchioles collapse.

23
Q

Emphysema causes a decrease in…

A

the surface area, so less efficient gas exchange.

24
Q

Lung cancer is caused by…

A

carcinogens reacting with DNA in epithelial cells. Results in mutation, uncontrolled division and growth of a malignant tumour.

25
Q

Lung cancer has minimal…

A

symptoms at the beginning.

26
Q

As cancer develops it spreads…

A

to other organs through the lymphatic system, forming secondary tumours.

27
Q

Symptoms of lung cancer:

A
  • coughing up blood
  • chest pain
  • difficult to breath
28
Q

Nicotine is absorbed very…

A

readily by the blood and travels to the brain within seconds.

29
Q

Nicotine stimulates the nervous…

A

system to reduce the diameter of the arterioles and to release adrenaline from the adrenal glands.

30
Q

As a result of nicotine stimulation…

A

the heart rate and blood pressure increases and there is a decrease in blood supply to extremities of the body(hands and feet).

31
Q

Nicotine increases the risk of…

A

blood clotting.

32
Q

Nicotine stimulates nerve endings in…

A

the brain to release the transmitter substance dopamine, which is associated with reinforcing pleasurable experiences.

33
Q

Due to CO, less oxygen…

A

is supplied to the heart muscle, putting an extra strain, especially during exercise when the heart rate increases.

34
Q

CO can also damage the lining of…

A

arteries. This in long-term may result in a build-up of fatty tissue and the reduction of blood flow. Coronary heart disease and stroke may result.

Biology A-level (58 decks)

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