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Biology A-level > Protein synthesis > Flashcards

Protein synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Transcription of gene- in the nucleus…

A

a complimentary copy of each gene from the sense strand of DNA is made by building messenger mRNA.

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2
Q

How is the mRNA molecule made?

A

Three RNA nucleotides are joined together by RNA polymerase. This process copies the DNA code onto an mRNA molecule.

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3
Q

When does the transcription of gene starts and ends?

A

When RNA polymerase binds to a control region of the DNA called promoter. It ends when the enzyme reaches a terminator sequence.

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4
Q

When RNA polymerase reaches the terminator sequence, it stops…

A

adding nucleotides to the growing mRNA.

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5
Q

When the process of transcription is finished, the hydrogen bonds…

A

holding the DNA and RNA together are broken and double-stranded DNA reforms.

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6
Q

The last triplet transcripted onto mRNA is…

A

one of the DNA triplets coding for stop.

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7
Q

Types of terminator sequence:

A

ATT, ATC or ACT

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8
Q

Translation is the process of…

A

translating the DNA code into an amino acid sequence.

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9
Q

The mRNA leaves the nucleus by…

A

the pores in the nuclear envelope and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

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10
Q

tRNA can be found in…

A

cytoplasm.

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11
Q

tRNA stands for…

A

transfer RNA.

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12
Q

tRNA has…

A

triplet bases at one end and a region where an amino acid can attach at the other.

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13
Q

There are more than 20 different…

A

tRNA molecules, each with a particular triplet of bases and region able to attach to a specific amino acid.

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14
Q

The tRNA bonds with their specific…

A

amino acid from the cytoplasm, under the control of a specific enzyme and with energy from ATP.

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15
Q

The triplet bases of tRNA are called…

A

anticodon.

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16
Q

The triblet bases of mRNA are called…

A

codon.

17
Q

The anticodon of tRNA links up…

A

with complementary codon of the mRNA molecule.

18
Q

Two tRNA molecules fit onto…

A

the ribosome at the same time. This brings two amino acids together and a peptide bond is formed.

19
Q

Usually, several ribosomes work on the same…

A

mRNA strand at the same time.

20
Q

Polyribosomes are…

A

several ribosomes working on the same mRNA at the same time.

21
Q

To start transcription the DNA must…

A

unwind and unzip first.

22
Q

The base sequence of DNA determines…

A

the base sequence of mRNA, which determines which tRNA molecules can link up with them.

23
Q

Each tRNA molecule is specific for…

A

just one amino acid. This determines the sequence in which amino acids are linked together.

24
Q

When the DNA is unzipped and unwind, complementary…

A

activated RNA nucleotides pair up with exposed DNA bases.

25
Q

The sugar-phosphate groups are bonded by…

A

RNA polymerase to form the sugar-phosphate backbone.

26
Q

The tRNA brings…

A

the amino acid to the mRNA molecule at the ribosome.

27
Q

Ribosomes are made of…

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein. They contain large and small subunit.

28
Q

The mRNA binds to…

A

the small subunit.

29
Q

6 bases of mRNA at a time are exposed to…

A

a large subunit.

30
Q

Peptidyl transferase catalysis…

A

the formation of a peptide bond between amino acids. The enzyme is found in the small subunit of the ribosome.

31
Q

The ribosome has 3…

A

active sites. E, P and A

32
Q

At P site…

A

peptide bonds are formed. Also, the first tRNA enters the P region first.

33
Q

The second tRNA enters…

A

the A active site and peptide bond forms between the two amino acids.

34
Q

The tRNA from P active sites moves to…

A

E active site and loses the amino acid attached to it. This builds up the amino acid chain.

35
Q

When a stop codon is…

A

exposed, the process of synthesis stops.

Biology A-level (58 decks)

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