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Biology A-level > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Needs for energy:

A
  • movement(muscle contraction)
  • active transport
  • anabolic reactions (DNA replication and protein synthesis)
  • maintenance of body temperature
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2
Q

The equation for respiration:

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H2O + 6CO2

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3
Q

Respiratory Quotient is the ratio…

A

of CO2 given out to the O2 consumed. RQ = vol. of CO2 / vol. of O2

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4
Q

Carboxyl group is…

A

-COOH and it is always in acids. The H easily dissociates forming H+ ion, lowering the pH.

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5
Q

Respiration is…

A

the sequential breakdown of glucose to synthesise ATP.

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6
Q

Stages of respiration:

A
  1. Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
  2. Link reaction (matrix)
  3. Krebs cycle (matrix)
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation (cristae)
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7
Q

During glycolysis, glucose (6C) is converted into…

A

2 pyruvates, each containing 3C

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8
Q

(Glycolysis) Glucose is…

A

phosphorylated by ATP to form fructose 1,6, bisphosphate.

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9
Q

(Glycolysis) Fructose 1,6, bisphosphate is…

A

enzamically broken down into 2 triphosphates, each containing 3C

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10
Q

(Glycolysis) Triphosphate is…

A

oxidised to pyruvate with 2 ATP and reduced NAD produced.

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11
Q

(Link reaction) Pyruvate moves by…

A

active transport into mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

(Link reaction) In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate is…

A

decarboxylated (CO2 removed), dehydrogenated (H removed, forming reduced NAD) and joined to Coenzyme A (CoA)

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13
Q

Link reaction produces…

A

acetyl CoA, containing 2 carbons.

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14
Q

(Krebs cycle) The acetyl…

A

CoA joins oxaloacetate(4C) to make citric acid(6C). The enzyme CoA is recycled.

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15
Q

(Krebs cycle) The citric acid loses…

A

1 carbon (CO2) at a time until it produces oxaloacetate (4C) again

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16
Q

(Krebs cycle) Decarboxylation and…

A

dehydrogenation produces reduced NAD and reduced FAD.

17
Q

(Oxidative phosphorylation) is also called…

A

the electron transport chain.

18
Q

(Oxidative phosphorylation) The process of addition of…

A

phosphate to ADP making ATP in the presence of oxygen.

19
Q

(Oxidative phosphorylation) Carrier proteins are…

A

embedded in the cristae.

20
Q

(Oxidative phosphorylation) Electrons from…

A

NAD and FAD are passed from carrier to carrier. The energy released is used to actively pump protons across the membrane.

21
Q

(Oxidative phosphorylation) Protons pass back through…

A

the membrane by facilitated diffusion, through ATPase proteins which synthesises ATP

22
Q

(Oxidative phosphorylation) H+ ions then bond…

A

with O2 forming H20.

23
Q

Oxygen debt is…

A

the amount of O2 required after exercise to fully breakdown the lactic acid produced.

24
Q

Why is rice adapted for a high level of anaerobic respiration?

A

-roots are immersed in a low oxygen environment, so most of the respiration is anaerobic

25
Q

Adaptations of rice:

A
  • root cells are resistant to high doses of ethanol

- the stem contains aerenchyma to bring more O2 to the roots

26
Q

Aerenchyma is…

A

made of loosely packed cells forming tissue in the stem, allowing CO2 to diffuse into the roots.

27
Q

RQ is equal to one if…

A

carbohydrates are used as respiratory substrate and the respiration is aerobic

28
Q

RQ is less than 1 if…

A

the respiratory substrate is either fat or protein and the respiration is aerobic. (fats = 0.7 and proteins = 0.9)

29
Q

RQ is 0 when…

A

succulents do not evolve CO2 at the night as the same amount is used in carbon fixation.

30
Q

Succulents also change…

A

carbohydrates to organic acids which utilise the oxygen but do not evolve carbon dioxide.

31
Q

RQ(aerobic) is more than 1 if…

A

organic acids are broken down as respiratory substrates under aerobic conditions

32
Q

RQ(anaerobic) is more than 1 if…

A

Anaerobic respiration takes place, so there is no consumption of O2. CO2 is produced in most cases, so the RQ is infinity. Carbohydrates are usual substrates.

33
Q

Importance of RQ:

A
  • determines the respiratory substrate
  • shows the type of respiration being performed
  • provides information about major transformation of food materials
34
Q

Why is ATP useful source of energy?

A
  • small so releases energy in suitable amounts, so easily manageable
  • easily broken down, releasing energy rapidly

Biology A-level (58 decks)

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