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Biology A-level > Haemoglobin > Flashcards

Haemoglobin Flashcards

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1
Q

Haemoglobin is…

A

a globular protein which transports oxygen around the body.

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2
Q

The equation of oxyhaemoglobin:

A

Hb + 4O2 = Hb08

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3
Q

Haemoglobin needs to be able to…

A

pick up the oxygen at the lungs and release it when it reaches a tissue.

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4
Q

If a sample of blood is saturated, it means…

A

that it contains the maximum amount of oxygen it can possibly have.

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5
Q

Dissociation curve shows…

A

the relationship between percentage saturation of a sample and the partial pressure of oxygen. It is a S-shaped graph.

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6
Q

To investigate how haemoglobin behaves, samples of…

A

blood are exposed to different partial pressures of oxygen.

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7
Q

The amount of oxygen which combines with the sample is then…

A

measured.

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8
Q

The haemoglobin dissociation curve shows a trend that…

A

at a low partial pressure of oxygen, the percentage saturation is very low. As the partial pressure increases, the saturation increases as well.

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9
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs is…

A

very high, therefore, the saturation of haemoglobin is very high (95-97%).

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10
Q

The partial pressure of oxygen in an actively respiring muscle is…

A

very low, so the saturation of haemoglobin would be low too (20-25%).

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11
Q

When oxygen combines with one haem group…

A

the whole haemoglobin becomes slightly distorted. This causes that next molecule of oxygen binds more affinitatively to the next haem group.

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12
Q

The S-shape of the dissociation curve is caused by…

A

increased affinity of haemoglobin to combine with oxygen after the first oxygen molecule.

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13
Q

The haemoglobin dissociation curve is also affected by…

A

the partial pressure of CO2.

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14
Q

Some of the CO2 in blood plasma diffuses into…

A

the red blood cells.

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15
Q

Carbonic anhydrase is…

A

an enzyme found in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells.

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16
Q

Carbonic anhydrase catalysis…

A

the formation of carbonic acid. CO2 + H2O = H2CO3

17
Q

The carbonic acid dissociates into…

A

H+ + hydrogenarbonate ion (HCO3-)

18
Q

Haemoglobin combines with the hydrogen ions…

A

forming haemoglobinic acid(HHb), which releases the oxygen.

19
Q

The haemoglobin acts as a buffer, since…

A

it removes hydrogen ions from the solution maintaining the right pH.

20
Q

Bohr effect is that…

A

the presence of high partial pressure of CO2 causes haemoglobin to release oxygen.

21
Q

The high CO2 concentrations in respiring muscles cause…

A

haemoglobin to release its oxygen even more rapidly than it would do due to a low partial pressure of O2

22
Q

The CO2 is transported in the blood in 3 ways:

A
  • by hydrogencarbonate ions
  • some dissolves in blood plasma
  • some form carbaminohaemoglobin
23
Q

The hydrogencarbonate ions are formed…

A

in the cytoplasm of the red blood cell. Then they diffuse into the blood plasma. Around 85% of CO2 is carried this way.

24
Q

Some CO2 dissolves in…

A

the blood plasma. Around 5% is transported this way.

25
Q

Some CO2 molecules do not undergo the reaction catalysed by carbonic anhydrase, but…

A

combine directly with the terminal amine groups (-NH2) of the haemoglobin molecules. This forms carbaminohaemoglobin. 10% is transported this way.

26
Q

When the blood reaches the lungs, the reaction used to transport CO2 go…

A

into reverse, as the concentration of CO2 is low.

27
Q

Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin very…

A

readily and almost irreversibly.

28
Q

Carbon monoxide is formed when…

A

carbon-containing compound burns incompletely.

29
Q

CO combines with haem group of…

A

haemoglobin and forms carboxyhaemoglobin.

30
Q

The affinity of haemoglobin for CO is…

A

250x higher than for O2.

31
Q

Carboxyhaemoglobin is very…

A

stable compound, lasting very long.

32
Q

CO causes death by…

A

asphyxiation.

33
Q

At a hight of…

A

6500m, there is very low oxygen pressure.

34
Q

In high altitudes, only…

A

70% of haemoglobin is saturated.

35
Q

Altitude sickness is caused by…

A

rapid change in altitude, so the body does not have enough time to adjust(produce more red blood cells).

Biology A-level (58 decks)

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