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Physiology > Sex > Flashcards

Sex Flashcards

1
Q

What is SRY

A

Sex region of the Y chromosome. Codes for anti mullerian hormone

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2
Q

Mullerian ducts give rise to what

A

Uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix

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3
Q

Wolffian ducts give rise to what

A

Epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

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4
Q

What determines if you are a male

A

Sry, not y chromosome itself

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5
Q

External tissue starts out as what

A

Homologous tissue

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6
Q

Labia minors is what on penis

A

Shaft

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7
Q

Head of penis is what on female

A

Clitoris

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8
Q

Labia majora is what on male

A

Scrotum

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9
Q

Paramesonephric and mesonephric suggest what

A

Tissue starts out next to kidney, where ovaries and testes start before descent

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10
Q

Auxiliary organs to what in male tract, what they are

A

Contribute to seminal fluid but semen doesnt go through them

Prostate, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland/calpert

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11
Q

Sperm produced where

Where they are brought to

A

Seminiferous tubule

Rete testis

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12
Q

Sperm maturation occurs where

A

Ductus efferentes to ductus epididymis

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13
Q

What lines testes, what is in between them

A

Seminiferous tubules (sertoli cells and spermatagonia)

Interstitial leydig cells

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14
Q

Intratesticular ducts

3 parts

Within what

A

Rete testes and ductuli efferentes and Tubuli recti

Testes

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15
Q

Excretory ducts
3

Where they are considered

A

Ductus epididymis
Vas deferens urethera

Outside of testes

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16
Q

What is in between seminiferous tubules, what they have, role

A

Leydig cells

White fat where testosterone made from (uses cholesterol from fat)

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17
Q

Role of myoid cells in seminiferous tubule

A

Move sperm along

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18
Q

Sertoli cell role

A

Maturation of germ cells to become sperm, have growth factors

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19
Q

Spermatagonia role

A

Germ cell, gives rise to sperm cells

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20
Q

Testes do not have what occurring inside

A

B or T cells, immune privileged

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21
Q

How many chromosomes sperm and egg have

A

23

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22
Q

How many chromosomes in spermatagonia

A

46

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23
Q

Role of tight junctions in spermatocytes

A

Keep b and t cells out

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24
Q

Sperm cells have how many chromosomes

A

23

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25
Q

Progression of germ cell

A 
Primordial germ cell
Spermatagonia 
Division, mitosis 
Primary spermatocyte 
Meiotic division I 
Secondary spermatocytes 
Meiotic division II 
Spermatids 
Differentiation 
Mature sperm
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26
Q

When males get mature sperm

A

Puberty, spermatagonia proliferate by mitosis. Begin meiosis to become primary spermatocytes and continue through meiotic division I to become secondary. Then division II, spermatids, then spermatozoa mature form

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27
Q

When mixture of chromosomes occurs

A

Prophase I separation of homologous pairs, then first meiotic division

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28
Q

Have chromosome I genes from who

A

Some from mom and some from dad. How we get genes from all 4 grandparents

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29
Q

Structure of sperm

A

Packed dna in acrosome head, then mitochondria for power, then principle and end piece in tail

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30
Q

How sperm get fiel

A

Glut 5 transporter, gets fructose in from seminal fluid outside of sperm

31
Q

What stimulates release of LH and FSH

A

Anterior pituitary by GnRH

32
Q

LH stimulates what, leads to making what

A

Leydig cell, testosterone

33
Q

FSH stim which cell, leads to making what

A

Sertoli, sperm production

34
Q

How negative feedback works in make system

A

LH and FSH feeds back to make less gnrh in hypothalamus and less release of lh and fsh by anterior pituitary

35
Q

In male fsh receptors increase

___ __ __ which leads to

A

Androgen binding protein

Testosterone plus ABP

36
Q

In females

LH increases __ __ in ___ cell

FSH increases ____ which develops ___ from androgen in ___ cell

A

Androgen synthesis
Thecal

Aromatase
Estrogen from androgen
Granulosa

37
Q

Testosterone levels in males through life

A

High in fetal development for differentiation (m or f)

Low until puberty

Increases at puberty until decrease of 50% in old age

38
Q

Sperm production starts when, highest when, decreases when

A

Starts puberty, highest at adult age, decreases in old age to about 50% but still present

39
Q

Development of ovarian follicle

4 stages

A

Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Graffian follicle

40
Q

Age of eggs vs sperm

A

Eggs- as hold as female plus a few months

A few days or weeks, constantly making

41
Q

In primordial follicle ___ __ grows to ___ cells. Which grow to ___ __ of these cells with a ___ ___

A

Granulosa precursors
Granulosa
Multiple layers
Theca externa

42
Q

Suppressed follicles become what

A

Artretic follicle

43
Q

After ovulation graffian follicle becomes what

What it makes

A

Corpus luteum

Progesterone

44
Q

Layers of follicle

A

Theca externa, theca interna, antrum innermost

45
Q

Ovaries filled with what at baseline

A

Primordial follicles

46
Q

Oocyte makes lots of what and why

A

Proteins

No access to nutrients for a week when egg released, week until implantation

47
Q

Theca interna makes what

A

Androgens, testosterone precursor

48
Q

Granulosa layer does what

A

Converts androstein dion from theca interna into estrogen

49
Q

Weak androgens

A

Dhea and androstenedione

50
Q

Strong androgens

A

Testosterone, DHT

51
Q

Reserve of sex hormones is in what

A

DHEA, can be converted into estrogen or stronger androgens

52
Q

Pathway of sex hormones in blood

___ to ___ to __ or __ to ___ converted by ___ to 3

A 
Cholesterol
Pregnenolone 
17 a hydroxypregnenolone 
DHEA or androstenedione 
Testosterone 
Converted by aromatase
Estradiol, estrone, estriol
53
Q

Phases in ovary before and after ovulation

A

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

54
Q

Phases in uterus before and after ovulation

A

Proliferative phase

Secretory phase

55
Q

Which phase in uterus prepares for next cycle

A

Ischemic phase

56
Q

Follicular phase= __ phase

Luteal phase= ___ phase

A

Proliferative

Secretory

57
Q

What leads to egg release

A

Positive feedback cycle, estrogen triggers more LH and FSH. Spike in estrogen causes follicle to rupture and egg to release

58
Q

Follicle becomes __ __ which produces ___

A

Corpus luteum

Progesterone

59
Q

What supports uterus after implantation

A

Progesterone

60
Q

What happens in proliferative phase

A

Uterus becomes thicker and thicker. Vascularized tissue for egg to land on. If doesn’t happen progesterone falls because LH and FSH fall and then endometrium sloughs

61
Q

Follicle of the month becomes what

A

Corpus luteum

62
Q

Estrogen peaks during which phases

A

End of proliferative phase, between secretory and ischemic phase

63
Q

Progesterone peaks during which phase

A

Secretory to ischemic phase

64
Q

What controls negative or positive feedback in female

A

Estrogen has negative feedback until mid cycle then positive

65
Q

Luteal phase mainly has which hormone

A

LH, some fsh but not as much

66
Q

End of follicular phase which hormone stim

A

Fsh

67
Q

Membrane that separates fetus from uterus

A

Chorion

68
Q

Why you dont menstruate if you have implantation

A

HCG binds to LH receptor. HCG binds to corpus luteum which makes progesterone, ant pituitary stops making progesterone

69
Q

In pregnancy testing for what

A

Beta chain of HCG

70
Q

How to test for thyroid issue in pregnant women

A

TSH decreases because HCG supplements it by binding to TSH receptors. Have to test T3 or T4 because TSH will be low

71
Q

TSH, FSH, LH, and HCG have what in common

A

Same alpha subunit

72
Q

What happens to FSH throughout life

A

High in fetus, low at birth, high in infant, cycles until menopause and will stay high

73
Q

LH fluctuation throughout life in female

A

Peaks in fetus, low at birth, high in infant, low until reproductive years when it fluctuates. Baseline high in menopause

Physiology (25 decks)

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