Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Endocrine 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters

Released from what and act where and ex

A

From axon, locally, NPY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endocrine hormones: released by what into what, act where, example

A

Glands/cells into blood, target cells away, GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neuroendocrine hormones: released where by what, act where, ex

A

Secreted by neurons into blood, act at target away cells, ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Paracrine

Released by what into where, act where

A

Secreted by cells into EF and affect neighboring target cells that are different than themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Autocrine

Secreted by what into where, act where

A

Cells into EF, affect same cells/self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cytokines can be what, ex

A

Autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine hormones. Leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chemical structures

3, ex

A

Proteins and polypeptides: insulin
Steroids: cortisol
AA tyrosine derivative: NE/epi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Polypeptides and proteins
Produced where, tend to be what
Process of activation

A

Produced in ER, preprohormones

Cleaved to prohormone, golgi apparatus packages into secretory vesicles, exocytosis due to Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of release is required of polypeptides and proteins

A

Immeadiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q 
Steroids 
Synthesized from what
Storage 
Soluble in what 
Structure 
Have large amount of what
A

Cholesterol
Not stored
Lipids
3 cyclohexyl rings and 1 cyclopentyl ring
Cholesterol, ready to mobilize in vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 hormones that are chronic and aren’t needed emergently

A

Cortisol, testosterone, aldosterone, estradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What structure do cortisol, estradiol, aldosterone, and testosterone have

A

3 cyclohexyl rings and 1 cyclopentyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q 
Amine hormones 
Derived from what 
Where they are 
2 ex and ratio 
Stored where
A

Tyrosine
Adrenal medulla
Epi and norepi, 4:1
Vesicles until exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Thyroid hormones
Synthesized and stored where
Stored w what, how they get into blood, how they get to tissues

A

Thyroid gland
W globulins, split and become free hormone in blood. Bind to plasma proteins which release hormone to target tissues slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Negative feedback prevents what

A

Over secretion of hormone or over activity at target tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How target organ responds, process

A

Long feedback.

Target organ to hypothalamus, to anterior pituitary, back to target organ

17
Q

Short feedback loop

A

Hypothalamus communicates w anterior pituitary to release something, once released it stops hypothalamus from telling it to release more

18
Q

Ultra short feedback loop

A

Hypothalamus communicates with itself

19
Q

Which hormones are water soluble, dissolved in what

A

Peptides and catecholamines. Plasma

20
Q

Which hormones bound to plasma proteins

A

Steroid and thyroid

21
Q

Clearance

A

Metabolism, bind to tissues, excreted by liver or kidneys

22
Q

Hormone receptors

Bind where 3 and ex

A

In or on surface of cell membrane (proteins and catecholamines)

In cytoplasm (steroids)

Nucleus (thyroid)

23
Q

Increased hormone will do what to receptors

A

Down regulate them

24
Q

Ways of down regulating receptors

A 
Inactivating molecules
Inactivate protein signaling molecules 
Sequester receptor away from site of action 
Destroy receptors w lysosomes
Decrease production of receptors
25
Q

Intracellular signaling
1st forms what
Process

A

Hormone receptor complex
Ion channel linked receptors stim by NT, causes ion channel linked receptor to open or close for ions. Ion changes cause postsynaptic cell effects

26
Q 
G protein linked hormone receptors 
Mechanism of what
How many transmembrane seg
G proteins include what 
How to cause change
A

Intracellular signaling
7
Trimeric subunit: alpha, gamma, beta
Conformational changes

27
Q

How g protein activated/inactivated

A

Activated by GTP, inactivated by GDP

28
Q

How enzyme linked hormones work. Example

A

Proteins pass membrane w enzyme binding site on inside. Binding hormone causes enzyme activ or inactiv.
Leptin signals via tyrosine and JAK2, activate signal transducer and activate transcription of STAT proteins, downstream Fx

29
Q

How ca calmodulin works

A

Ca binds to calmodulin once it enters cell, calmodulin changes shape and activates or inhibits protein kinases

30
Q

How IP3 second messenger works

A

Activates phospholipase c, catalyzes breakdown of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG. IP3 mobilizes Ca (also acts as 2nd messenger), DAG activates PKC, works for local hormones

31
Q

How steroid hormones work on cells

A

Increase protein synthesis: enter cell, bind to receptor protein, bind to dna and form mrna, mrna diffuses to cytoplasm to promote translation at ribosomes, new proteins made

32
Q

Thyroid hormones do two things to cells

A

Activate genetic mechanism and increase metabolic activity

33
Q

Pituitary gland
Connected to what
5 types

A 
Hypothalamus 
Somatotropes- hgh
Corticotropes-acth 
Thyrotropes- tsh
Gonadotropes- fsh and lh 
Lactotropes- prl
34
Q

Parts of pituitary, do what, connected by what, controlled by what

A

Anterior and posterior, both make different hormones, hypophysial stalk, hypothalamus

35
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones: 6

A

Thyrotropin, GH, corticotropin, FSH, LH, prolactin

36
Q

Hypothalamic hormones stim 6 which lead to which 6 ant pituitary hormones and act where

A 
CRH- ACTH- adrenal 
TRH- TSH- through 
GnRH- FSH-ovary.teste
GnRH- LH- ovary.teste
PIH/PRH- PRL- mammary
GHRH/SS-GH-skeletal muscle and bone
37
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones
Controlled by what
Make what

A

Hypothalamus

ADH and oxytocin

38
Q

Control of pituitary secretion
Which vessels
Process

A

Hypothalamic and hypohysial portal vessels

Hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting. Receives NS signals, reacts by controlling hormones.

Physiology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions