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Physiology > Cardiovascular Review > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Review Flashcards

1
Q

Components of blood:

__% RBCs, think layer of ___ called Buffy coat, and over half is __-

A

43, leukocytes, plasma

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2
Q 
Plasma
Water \_\_\_%
Proteins \_\_\_% (what is in this)
Other organic such as amino acids, glucose, hco3 \_\_\_%
Electrolytes \_\_%
A

90
7
2
1

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3
Q

Pulmonary circulation steps from RA to pulmonary veins

A

RA, rt AV (tricuspid), RV, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins, pulmonary veins

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4
Q

Systemic circulation from left atrium to veins of each organ

A

LA, left AV (bicuspid), LV, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, arteries of each organ, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins of each organ

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5
Q

Endocardium:
made of what kind of endothelium
In contact with what
Sub endocardium is what

A

Squamous
Blood in blood vessels
CT and purkinje fibers

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6
Q

Myocardium
Made of what
What is sub epicardium made of

A

Cardiac myocytes

Loose CT, veins, arteries, nerves

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7
Q

Visceral pericardium
What layer name is, what its made of
Holds what

A

Epicardium, mesothelia

Heart

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8
Q

Parietal pericardium
Made of what
Where it is, what it does

A

Mesothelia
Outside of visceral pericardium
Vacuum

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9
Q

Layers inside to outside of heart

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Parietal pericardium

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10
Q

What papillary muscles do

A

In ventricles, contract when ventricles contract and attached to chordae tendinae. Keeps valves from popping open in wrong direction. Failure is regurg

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11
Q

All 4 valves can be ___ at once but not ___

A

Closed, open

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12
Q

What is happening when AV valves open but semilunar valves closed

A

Diastole, ventricular filling

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13
Q

What happens when SL valves open and AV valves closed

A

Systole, ventricular emptying

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14
Q

Atrial contraction contributes what to filling

A

10-15%, not entirely necessary

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15
Q

What you hear in heart sounds

A

Valves closing, not opening

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16
Q

Valves do and dont do what at same time

A

Do contract at the same time but dont close at exactly the same time

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17
Q

Conduction through heart

A

SA, AV, bundle of his, left and right bundle branches, purkinje fibers

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18
Q

What is P wave

What is R wave

A

Depolarization of atria

Depolarization of ventricles

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19
Q

What is t wave

What doesnt show up at all on EKG

A

Ventricular depolarization

SA node

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20
Q

Phases of cardiac cycle 5

A 
Atrial systole 
Isovolumetric ventricular contraction 
Ejection 
Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation 
Passive ventricular filling
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21
Q

What does and doesnt make valves open

A

Open and close because of pressure not because of muscular contraction

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22
Q

What happens in isovolumetric contraction, where on EKG

A

R wave

Ventricles full, contract, volume constant as pressure increases. Valves closed. S1 when AV close

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23
Q

What happens in ejection

A

Semilunar valves open, pressure decreases, relaxation occurs q

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24
Q

What happens in isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

A

Both sets of valves closed, ventricles relax. Semilunar valves close, S2

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25
Q

What happens in passive ventricular filling

A

Pressure in ventricles lower than atria, AV valves open

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26
Q

What happens in atrial systole

A

AV valves open

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27
Q 
PA pressure 
Wont be higher than which pressure 
Systole range
Diastole range
Rough mean avg
A

Right ventricle
15-30
3-12
14

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28
Q

Right atrial pressure and mean range

Where CVP measured

A

0-8
4
Jugular vein

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29
Q

Right ventricle systole range and mean

A

15-28

24

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30
Q

Right ventricle end diastolic range and mean

A

0-8

4

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31
Q

If flow in PA same as aorta what is cardiac output

A

100%

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32
Q

Aorta
Systole range
Diastole range
Mean

A

96-140
60-90
120

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33
Q

Which atrial pressure should be higher

Order in utero

A

Left atrial

Reversed in utero

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34
Q

Left atrial pressure and mean range

A

4-12

8

35
Q

Left ventricle
Systole range
Mean

A

90-140

130

36
Q

Left ventricle end diastolic range and mean

A

4-12

7

37
Q

Would prefer clots go where, what aids in this

A

Go to lungs instead of body.

Higher left atrial pressure

38
Q

End diastolic pressure in RV cant be higher than what

A

RA

39
Q

S1

S2

A 
AV close (mitral) 
Semilunar valves close (aortic)
40
Q

S3
S4

Can hear S3 in who

A

Rapid flow of blood against empty ventricle
Blood after atrial kick

Kids or in good hearts

41
Q

Where there is a big pressure drop and where there isn’t

A

Pressure drop big in arterioles, decent in capillaries

Low in venous system, bigger tubes

42
Q

Where there is most permeability, where there isn’t

A

Most in capillaries
Almost none in veins or arteries
Small amount in arterioles

43
Q

Most elastic vessels

A

Large and medium arteries

Venues and veins have some

44
Q

Most muscle in vessels where

A

In arterioles

45
Q

Innermost layer of arteries and veins

What it is made of

A

Tunica intima

Endothelial and internal elastic lamina

46
Q

Middle layer of arteries and veins

What it is, what its made of

A

Tunica media

Smooth muscle, elastic and reticular fibers, external elastic lamina

47
Q

Outermost layer of arteries and veins, what its made of

A

Tunica adventitia

Collagen I, elastic fibers, vasa vasorum (blood supply to larger vessels like aorta)

48
Q

Characteristics of layers in large elastic artery

A

Mainly elastic fibers and some smooth muscle in media

Thick and well developed adventitia with blood supply

49
Q

Characteristics of medium muscular artery

A

Mostly smooth muscle and some elastic in media

Thin adventitia, needs less blood flow

50
Q

Characteristics of layers in arterioles

A

No internal elastic lamina in intima

Thin layer of muscle and little or no elastic media, no external elastic lamina

Think or absent adventitia

51
Q

Only vessel with no external elastic lamina in tunica media

A

Arteriole

52
Q

Tunica media in medium arteries versus large arteries

A

In medium arteries more smooth muscle, changes size based off of told what to do

More elastic

53
Q

Almost no what in small arteries and arterioles

A

Adventitia

54
Q

Difference between arterioles and precapillary sphincers

A

Arterioles dont see what is being emitted in blood by capillary bed, precapillary sphincter does and can be told to open or close

55
Q

Size of lumen vs size of walls in arteries and veins

A

Veins are bigger, but wall of artery is thicker

56
Q

Most common form of capillaries

A

Continuous. Have membrane around lumen

57
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Have windows for rapid exchange, in kidneys and intestines

58
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries

A

Wide lumen and discontinuous endothelial layer

Allows proteins through. In liver, bone marrow, and spleen

59
Q

How to calculate arterial capillary pressure

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure minus ISF hydrostatic pressure

Minus: capillary oncotic pressure minus ISF oncotic pressure

60
Q

How to calculate venous capillary pressure

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure minus ISF hydrostatic pressure

Minus capillary concotic minus ISF oncotic

61
Q

Lymph where, where it brings blood to

A

In capillaries, brings to venous system

62
Q

How to calculate stroke volume. Normal number

A

LVEDV- LVESV ml/beat

70 ml

63
Q

How to calculate CO and normal number

A

SV (ml/beat) x heart rate

5 LPM

64
Q

How to calculate EF and normal range

A

SV/LVEDV

55-70%

65
Q

How to calculate PP and normal

A

SBP-DBP

40

66
Q

How to calculate MAP (3 ways)

Normal

A

CO X SVR (flow times resistance)
1/3 SBP + 2/3 DBP
DBP + 1/3PP

93

67
Q

How to calculate SVR

A

MAP / CO

68
Q

What identifies heart failure

A

CO

69
Q

Heart rate = ____

If it increases what 2 things also change

A

Chronotropic

CO and BP increase

70
Q

Contractility= ____

If it increases what also is affected 3

A

Inotropic

EF increases which leads to increased CO and BP

71
Q

SVR

If it increases what two things change and how

A

CO decreases but BP increases

72
Q

CVP

If it increases leads to change in what

A

Increased LVEDV, leads to increased SV, which leads to increased CO and BP

73
Q

What 5 things affect heart rate

A 
CNS
ANS
Neural reflexes 
Atrial receptors 
Hormones
74
Q

What 3 things affect contractility

A

EDV
SNS stim
Myocardial oxygen supply

75
Q

What 2 things affect afterload

A

Aortic pressure and aortic valvular function

76
Q

What 2 things affect preload

A

Venous return and end systolic volume

77
Q

What 3 things affect stroke volume

A

Preload, afterload, contractility

78
Q

Blood pressure regulated by two things

A

CO and peripheral resistance

79
Q

Preload affected by

A

Volume and venous constriction

80
Q

CO affected by 2

A

Preload and contractility

81
Q

Peripheral resistance affected by 2

A

Arteriolar vessel diameter and blood viscosity (hct)

82
Q

Vessel diameter impacted by 3

A 
SNS stim (constrict w alpha, dilate w beta) 
Ion factors 
Humoral regulation (vasodilator or vasoconstrictors)
83
Q

3 vasodilator

A

Prostaglandins
Kin is
Endothelial derived factors like NO

84
Q

4 vasoconstrictors

A

Angiotensin
Epi
Calcium
Endothelial derived factors

Physiology (25 decks)

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