Cardiovascular Review Flashcards
Components of blood:
__% RBCs, think layer of ___ called Buffy coat, and over half is __-
43, leukocytes, plasma
Plasma Water \_\_\_% Proteins \_\_\_% (what is in this) Other organic such as amino acids, glucose, hco3 \_\_\_% Electrolytes \_\_%
90
7
2
1
Pulmonary circulation steps from RA to pulmonary veins
RA, rt AV (tricuspid), RV, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary artery, lungs: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins, pulmonary veins
Systemic circulation from left atrium to veins of each organ
LA, left AV (bicuspid), LV, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, arteries of each organ, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins of each organ
Endocardium:
made of what kind of endothelium
In contact with what
Sub endocardium is what
Squamous
Blood in blood vessels
CT and purkinje fibers
Myocardium
Made of what
What is sub epicardium made of
Cardiac myocytes
Loose CT, veins, arteries, nerves
Visceral pericardium
What layer name is, what its made of
Holds what
Epicardium, mesothelia
Heart
Parietal pericardium
Made of what
Where it is, what it does
Mesothelia
Outside of visceral pericardium
Vacuum
Layers inside to outside of heart
Endocardium
Myocardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Parietal pericardium
What papillary muscles do
In ventricles, contract when ventricles contract and attached to chordae tendinae. Keeps valves from popping open in wrong direction. Failure is regurg
All 4 valves can be ___ at once but not ___
Closed, open
What is happening when AV valves open but semilunar valves closed
Diastole, ventricular filling
What happens when SL valves open and AV valves closed
Systole, ventricular emptying
Atrial contraction contributes what to filling
10-15%, not entirely necessary
What you hear in heart sounds
Valves closing, not opening
Valves do and dont do what at same time
Do contract at the same time but dont close at exactly the same time
Conduction through heart
SA, AV, bundle of his, left and right bundle branches, purkinje fibers
What is P wave
What is R wave
Depolarization of atria
Depolarization of ventricles
What is t wave
What doesnt show up at all on EKG
Ventricular depolarization
SA node
Phases of cardiac cycle 5
Atrial systole Isovolumetric ventricular contraction Ejection Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation Passive ventricular filling
What does and doesnt make valves open
Open and close because of pressure not because of muscular contraction
What happens in isovolumetric contraction, where on EKG
R wave
Ventricles full, contract, volume constant as pressure increases. Valves closed. S1 when AV close
What happens in ejection
Semilunar valves open, pressure decreases, relaxation occurs q
What happens in isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
Both sets of valves closed, ventricles relax. Semilunar valves close, S2
What happens in passive ventricular filling
Pressure in ventricles lower than atria, AV valves open
What happens in atrial systole
AV valves open
PA pressure Wont be higher than which pressure Systole range Diastole range Rough mean avg
Right ventricle
15-30
3-12
14
Right atrial pressure and mean range
Where CVP measured
0-8
4
Jugular vein
Right ventricle systole range and mean
15-28
24
Right ventricle end diastolic range and mean
0-8
4
If flow in PA same as aorta what is cardiac output
100%
Aorta
Systole range
Diastole range
Mean
96-140
60-90
120
Which atrial pressure should be higher
Order in utero
Left atrial
Reversed in utero
Left atrial pressure and mean range
4-12
8
Left ventricle
Systole range
Mean
90-140
130
Left ventricle end diastolic range and mean
4-12
7
Would prefer clots go where, what aids in this
Go to lungs instead of body.
Higher left atrial pressure
End diastolic pressure in RV cant be higher than what
RA
S1
S2
AV close (mitral) Semilunar valves close (aortic)
S3
S4
Can hear S3 in who
Rapid flow of blood against empty ventricle
Blood after atrial kick
Kids or in good hearts
Where there is a big pressure drop and where there isn’t
Pressure drop big in arterioles, decent in capillaries
Low in venous system, bigger tubes
Where there is most permeability, where there isn’t
Most in capillaries
Almost none in veins or arteries
Small amount in arterioles
Most elastic vessels
Large and medium arteries
Venues and veins have some
Most muscle in vessels where
In arterioles
Innermost layer of arteries and veins
What it is made of
Tunica intima
Endothelial and internal elastic lamina
Middle layer of arteries and veins
What it is, what its made of
Tunica media
Smooth muscle, elastic and reticular fibers, external elastic lamina
Outermost layer of arteries and veins, what its made of
Tunica adventitia
Collagen I, elastic fibers, vasa vasorum (blood supply to larger vessels like aorta)
Characteristics of layers in large elastic artery
Mainly elastic fibers and some smooth muscle in media
Thick and well developed adventitia with blood supply
Characteristics of medium muscular artery
Mostly smooth muscle and some elastic in media
Thin adventitia, needs less blood flow
Characteristics of layers in arterioles
No internal elastic lamina in intima
Thin layer of muscle and little or no elastic media, no external elastic lamina
Think or absent adventitia
Only vessel with no external elastic lamina in tunica media
Arteriole
Tunica media in medium arteries versus large arteries
In medium arteries more smooth muscle, changes size based off of told what to do
More elastic
Almost no what in small arteries and arterioles
Adventitia
Difference between arterioles and precapillary sphincers
Arterioles dont see what is being emitted in blood by capillary bed, precapillary sphincter does and can be told to open or close
Size of lumen vs size of walls in arteries and veins
Veins are bigger, but wall of artery is thicker
Most common form of capillaries
Continuous. Have membrane around lumen
Fenestrated capillaries
Have windows for rapid exchange, in kidneys and intestines
Sinusoidal capillaries
Wide lumen and discontinuous endothelial layer
Allows proteins through. In liver, bone marrow, and spleen
How to calculate arterial capillary pressure
Capillary hydrostatic pressure minus ISF hydrostatic pressure
Minus: capillary oncotic pressure minus ISF oncotic pressure
How to calculate venous capillary pressure
Capillary hydrostatic pressure minus ISF hydrostatic pressure
Minus capillary concotic minus ISF oncotic
Lymph where, where it brings blood to
In capillaries, brings to venous system
How to calculate stroke volume. Normal number
LVEDV- LVESV ml/beat
70 ml
How to calculate CO and normal number
SV (ml/beat) x heart rate
5 LPM
How to calculate EF and normal range
SV/LVEDV
55-70%
How to calculate PP and normal
SBP-DBP
40
How to calculate MAP (3 ways)
Normal
CO X SVR (flow times resistance)
1/3 SBP + 2/3 DBP
DBP + 1/3PP
93
How to calculate SVR
MAP / CO
What identifies heart failure
CO
Heart rate = ____
If it increases what 2 things also change
Chronotropic
CO and BP increase
Contractility= ____
If it increases what also is affected 3
Inotropic
EF increases which leads to increased CO and BP
SVR
If it increases what two things change and how
CO decreases but BP increases
CVP
If it increases leads to change in what
Increased LVEDV, leads to increased SV, which leads to increased CO and BP
What 5 things affect heart rate
CNS ANS Neural reflexes Atrial receptors Hormones
What 3 things affect contractility
EDV
SNS stim
Myocardial oxygen supply
What 2 things affect afterload
Aortic pressure and aortic valvular function
What 2 things affect preload
Venous return and end systolic volume
What 3 things affect stroke volume
Preload, afterload, contractility
Blood pressure regulated by two things
CO and peripheral resistance
Preload affected by
Volume and venous constriction
CO affected by 2
Preload and contractility
Peripheral resistance affected by 2
Arteriolar vessel diameter and blood viscosity (hct)
Vessel diameter impacted by 3
SNS stim (constrict w alpha, dilate w beta) Ion factors Humoral regulation (vasodilator or vasoconstrictors)
3 vasodilator
Prostaglandins
Kin is
Endothelial derived factors like NO
4 vasoconstrictors
Angiotensin
Epi
Calcium
Endothelial derived factors
