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Physiology > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption

A

In gi tract, water into blood

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2
Q

Reabsorption

A

In nephron of kidney, fluid enters back into blood

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3
Q

Secretion

A

Going from blood to filtrate

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4
Q

Filtration

A

Only happens in glomerulus in PCT.

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5
Q

Thirst triggered by

A

Inc ECF osmolality, decreased blood volume

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6
Q

Hormones that control fluid excreted in urine

A

ANP, BNP, ADH, aldosterone

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7
Q

5 things that increase ADH secretion

A

Increased osmolality, decreased blood volume, pain, nausea, physiological stressors

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8
Q

What stimulates aldosterone release

A

Ang II and increased K in plasma

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9
Q

Where aldosterone works

A

Na K ATPase pump on basolateral side of DCT. Increases Na channels to increase Na in blood q

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10
Q

NP action and what they oppose

A

Increase Na in urine to diurese. Oppose aldosterone but not as strong

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11
Q

Calcium range

A

9-11 mg/do or 4.5-5.5 meq/L

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12
Q

Mg range

A

1.5-2.5 meq/l

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13
Q

PO4 charge and range adults, children, neonate

A
  • 1
    2. 5-4.5 mg/dl adults
    4. 5-6.5 kids
    4. 3-9.3 neonate
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14
Q

K range

A

3.5-5 meq/l, higher neonate

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15
Q

Molecules that can pass lipid bilayer easily

A

Hydrophobic: o2, co2, n2

Uncharged small: h20, urea, glycerol

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16
Q

How decreased SNS affects bladder

A

Relax internal sphincter, open it, urinate

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17
Q

How increased pns affects bladder

A

Contract detrusor muscle, open internal sphincter in urethra

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18
Q

How decreased somatic motor neuron activity affects bladder

A

Relax external urethral sphincter, open external, urinate

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19
Q

3 things that promote micturition

A

Decreased sns, increased pns, decreased somatic motor neuron

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20
Q

What are peritubular capillaries

A

Blood sys that’s parallel to tubules to reabsorb and secrete water and electrolytes

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21
Q

If something isn’t filtered in PCT where does it go

A

Efferent arteriole to renal vein

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22
Q

Role of cilia in nephron

A

Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

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23
Q

Which nephrons are deep, superficial, and have long or short loops

A

Superficial and short loops: cortical

Deep and long: juxtamedullary

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24
Q

Vasa recta

A

Capillaries on juxtamedullary nephrons

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25
Q

Glomerulus role

A

Capillary net that filters plasma and makes UF

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26
Q

Glomerulus in cortical nephrons: what efferent arterioles give rise to

A

Peritubular capillaries

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27
Q

Glomerulus in juxtamedullary nephrons: efferent arterioles give rise to what and role

A

Vasa recta, concentrate urine

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28
Q

PCT surface and role

A

Brush border villi, main site of reabsorption of solutes and water

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29
Q

PCT: which nephron allows more solute reabsorption

A

Juxtamedullary

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30
Q

Descending henle loop: what it isn’t and is permeable to, what it does

A

Permeable to water, impermeable to solute. Concentrates fluid.

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31
Q

How thin descending loop different in juxtamedullary vs cortical nephrons

A

Long, have pyramids that concentrate fluid

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32
Q

Thick ascending loop: impermeable to what, transporter And what it does

A

Water. Na K 2CL, reabsorb solutes, dilutes fluid, and concentration gradient set up

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33
Q

DCT: role, what acts on it

A

Electrolyte modifications, aldosterone

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34
Q

Collecting ducts: site of what, controlled by what, other role

A

Water reabsorption in aquaporins through ADH. Acid base balance, a and b cells

35
Q

Mesangial cell: what it does, types

A

Smooth muscle cell that relaxes/contracts. Secretory and contractile types. Secretes stuff that makes extracellular matrix

36
Q

Pedicel

A

Cellular process of podocyte wrapped around capillary

37
Q

Bowman space: where, what happens to stuff here

A

Bw bowman capsule and glomerular capillaries. Goes to PCT and becomes filtrate

38
Q

What outside of glomerulus made from

A

Endothelial cells, fenestrations allow leak of solute through. Prevents movement of stuff through podocyte

39
Q

Mesangial cell: 4 roles

A

Structural support for glomerular capillaries, secretes matrix proteins, phagocytosis, regulates GFR

40
Q

Mesangial cells do what by contracting and relaxing

A

Alter surface area for filtration and GFR

41
Q

GFR determined by what

A

Filtration pressure in glomeruli and permeable surface of membrane

42
Q

What varies in glomerulus

A

Filtration pressure from afferrent to efferent end

43
Q

What affects filtration pressure and how

A

Blood volume. As it increases, gfr increases to excrete more fluid. And autoregulation

44
Q

How you calculate what is excreted

A

Filtered - reabsorbed + secreted

45
Q

How creatinine is processed

A

Freely filtered, goes to PCT not reabsorbed and goes to bladder

46
Q

Inulin tests what

A

GFR

47
Q

How glucose transported

A

Apical side- cotransporter with na

Basolateral- own concentration gradient

48
Q

Tmax glucose
Conc in plasma
Gfr

A

375 mg/min
80-100
1.25 dl/min

49
Q

How you calculate tmax

What renal threshold # is

A

Gfr x renal threshold

300 mg/dl

50
Q

Where most absorption occurs

A

Pct

51
Q

How much of what is filtered is reabsorbed

A

99%

52
Q

How most of flow occurs in PCT, what travels

A

Secondary active cotransporter, glucose, AA, phosphate, organic acids

53
Q

PCT apical transport

A

Na H antiporter

54
Q

PCT basolateral transport

A

Na K ATPase 3 Na out 2 K in

55
Q

What stimulates and inhibited reabsorption in PCT

A

Ang 2 and SNS stim, dopamine inhibits

56
Q

Descending limb permeable and impermeable to what

A

Water can go out, concentrates. Impermeable to na

57
Q

Where aldosterone works and what it does

A

Distal tubule and collecting duct, stim reabsorption

58
Q

Ascending limb transport

A

Apical na k 2 Cl cotransporter, na h antiporter

59
Q

Where thiazide drugs act

A

Distal tubule

60
Q

Where loop diuretics work

A

Apical na k 2 cl transporter in ascending limb

61
Q

Distal tubule transport

A

Na cl cotransporter, apical

62
Q

Collecting duct transport

A

Na and k channels, both sides. Na k atp on basolateral

63
Q

Bicarb: most reabsorbed where

A

Pct 80%

64
Q

What happens apical side and basolateral side to bicarb

A

Apical: reaction CA converts bicarb to co2 and water. Diffuse into cell. Converted back to carbonic acid in cell, bicarb transported out of cell by hco3 cl exchanger or na hco3 cotransporter. H back into lumen to reabsorb more hco 3

65
Q

What stimulates k secretion

A

Aldosterone and hyperkalemia

66
Q

What stimulates k reabsorption

A

Low k in diet

67
Q

What alters k secretion

A

Increased urine flow rate, alkalosis, acidosis

68
Q

What inhibits k secretion

A

Acidosis

69
Q

How k pumped into cells

A

Na k atpase

70
Q

How k secreted into CDs

A

Apical k channels or a intercalated cells, exchange h for k

71
Q

What urea does

A

Concentrates urine and loop of henle

72
Q

Where and how baroreceptor works

A

Next to glomerulus. Senses what’s going on in DCT, affects renin release, decreased pressure promotes its release

73
Q

Mechanoreceptors, how they work

A

Increased volume creates pressure, inhibits renin

74
Q

Macula densa- what it senses and what it does

A

Chemoreceptors, senses NaCl. Senses inc na, inhibits renin

75
Q

What in sns stim renin

A

Beta 1 adrenergic

76
Q

GFR maintained at what MAP range

A

80-180

77
Q

What happens when hypovolemic

A

Stim adh and aldosterone, inhibit anp

78
Q

When using ammonia and phosphate as buffers what happens

A

Generate more bicarb

79
Q

Ph 7.32 co2 50 hco3 24

A

Primary respiratory acidosis

80
Q

Ph 7.32, co2 40 hco3 18

A

Metabolic acidosis

81
Q

7.54, co2 28 hco3 24

A

Respiratory alkalosis

82
Q

7.54, 40 c02, 34 hco3

A

Metabolic alkalosis

83
Q

What leads to increased anion gap

A

Acidosis, acid increases base not lost

Physiology (25 decks)

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