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GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What the body can process

A

Amino acids, monosaccharides, and fatty acids

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2
Q

What kind of cells line digestive mucosa to lubricate, digest, etc

A

Epithelial

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3
Q

What regulates GI secretions and motility

A

Intrinsic nerve plexus

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4
Q

What can facilitate digestion and absorption

A

Fluid volumes and pH changes (enzyme function)

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5
Q

PH of chyme in jejunum

A

7

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6
Q

Small intestine roles: 5

A

Enzymatic digestion, absorbs h20, organic substrates, vitamins and ions, host defense

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7
Q

Large intestine roles 3

A

Resorts water and electrolytes, host defense, dehydration/compaction for elimination

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8
Q

Pancreas roles 2

A

Secretes buffers and digestive enzymes, secretes hormones to regulate digestion

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9
Q

Endocrine is into what

A

Blood

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10
Q

Exocrine is into what

A

Gland or duct

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11
Q

Serosa: 2 layers and it is what

A

CT layer and peritoneum, innervated

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12
Q

2 layers of intramural plexus and where it is

A

Myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus. On submucosa and muscular layers

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13
Q

How digestive glands empty products into lumen of gi tract

A

Ducts

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14
Q

What gives nutrients from blood to GI tract

A

Aorta

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15
Q

What carriers nutrients to liver from organs

A

Portal vein

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16
Q

Myenteric plexus outside of what

A

Circular muscle layer

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17
Q

What is outside of submucosa

A

Submucosal plexus

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18
Q

Chyme is what

A

Food, acids, enzymes, saliva

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19
Q

Gastric gland cells

A

Mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, endocrine cells

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20
Q

What controls myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus, what are their roles

A

Both- enteric
Myenteric=- muscle, movement
Submucosal- secretions

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21
Q

What PNS innervates in GI

A

Vagal to transverse colon, pelvic nerves to anus

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22
Q

What acts on the enteric NS

A

Lumenal chemo, mechanoreceptors, and osmoreceptors

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23
Q

Where parts of chyme go after entering duodenum

A

Simple sugars, fats, and amino acids go to lacteal. Simple sugars and AA absorbed into blood capillaries of villi. Fat enters lacteal to be processed in liver

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24
Q

Lactose, maltose, sucrose components

A

Lactose is glucose and galactose
Maltose is 2 glucose
Sucrose is glucose and fructose

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25
Q

Process of enzymes breaking down carbs. 4 main processes in order

A
  1. Starch broken down my salivary amylase in mouth to oligo/dextrin
  2. Pancreatic amylase breaks them down to lactose, maltose, sucrose
  3. Brush border enzymes in SI break disaccharides down to mono
  4. Mono absorbed by capillaries in vile and trans to liver by portal vein
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26
Q

Steps of protein absorption 4

A
  1. Pepsin in hcl breaks proteins- proteoses and peptones
  2. Pancreatic enzymes break those down to dipeptides and smaller peptides in SI
  3. Brush border enzymes in SI break down to AA
  4. Abs by capillaries in villi, trans to liver by portal vein
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27
Q

What cells break things down in stomach

A

Chief and parietal cells

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28
Q

Digestion of fat steps

A

Unemulsified fats broken down in SI by bile acids, etc in SI. Pancreatic lipases also act here. Monoglycerides and FA go to lacteals in villi and go to liver. Glycerol and FA go directly into villi and portal vein like carbs and AA

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29
Q

2 different routes of fat from SI

A

MG and FA- lacteal to liver

Glycerol and FA- directly into villi to liver

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30
Q

Oblique muscle layer role in stomach

A

Aids in grinding food

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31
Q

Receptive relaxation: mediated by what, what causes it to start

A

Vagally mediated

Pushing on the stomach causes release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

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32
Q

MMC role, under what control

A

Mixes and propulses food

Enteric

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33
Q

What vagotomy does to stomach as food enters

A

Receptive relaxation not stimulated, pressure increases as volume increases (doesnt increase volume to accommodate more food)

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34
Q

Emptying time/order of oleate, acid, and saline meals in stomach

A

Salt fastest, then acid, then oleate.

FATS TAKE LONGEST TO DIGEST IN STOMACH

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35
Q

MMC: when its activated. What activates it. Which nervous system control

A

Fasting state
Motilin
Enteric control, NOT vagal

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36
Q

What slow waves due, what they are

A

Basic electrical rhythm, set timing for when action potentials occur

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37
Q

What causes depolarization in GI

A

Stretch, ans, pns, gastrin, serotonin, sub P*

**hormones

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38
Q

What causes hyperpolarization in GI

A

NE, SNS, VIP, NO

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39
Q

The __ and __ stim of sensory neurons works through __ and __ motor neurons to elicit motility

A

Mechanical, chemical

Excitatory, inhibitory

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40
Q

What stimulates relaxation in peristalsis, what stimulates contraction

A

Relax- VIP

Contract- cholinergic motor neurons and tachykinin

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41
Q

Peristalsis under what kind of control

A

Vagal and extrinsic

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42
Q

What leads to receptive relaxation

A

MMC, propulsion by peristalsis and segmentation

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43
Q

Segmentation is controlled by what

A

Intrinsic/enteric nerve control

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44
Q

What stimulates gallbladder contraction

A

Vagal stimulation relaxes the sphincter of oddi- into duodenum. Hormone CCK+vagal stim stimulates gallbladder contraction

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45
Q

What movements are in 3 parts of LI

A

Peristalsis
Segmental propulsion, taneia coli contract
Mass movements at end

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46
Q

Mass movements; assoc with 3

A

Eating, PNS and hormonal control (gastrin and CCK)

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47
Q

Haustra formed by what

A

Contraction of taneia coli

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48
Q

Defecation through what

A

IAS reflex, voluntary relaxation EAS, valsalva maneuver

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49
Q

Reflexes top to bottom 7

A 
Gastroileal 
Gastrocolic 
Ileogastric 
Enteroenteric/intenstinointestinal 
Colonocolonic 
Cecoileal 
Rectosphincteric (defecation reflex)
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50
Q

Secretions in mouth

A

Saliva, lingual lipase, salivary amylase

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51
Q

Esophagus secretions

A

Electrolytes and mucus

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52
Q

Stomach secretions

A

Hcl, IF, pepsinogen, gastric lipase, mucus, gastrin, somatostatin, histamine

53
Q

Liver and gallbladder secretions

A

Bile and buffers (electrolytes)

54
Q

SI secretions

A

Buffers (mucus and electrolytes), brush border disacharidases and peptidases, enterokinases, (somatostatin, secretin, gastrin, cck, vip, motilin into blood)

55
Q

Stomach factors 6

A

Histamine, pepsinogen, gastric lipase, somatostatin, gastrin, mucus

56
Q

Salivary gland output from where, relative %

A

70% most from submaxillary glands
25% parotid gland (amylase)
5% sublingual gland

57
Q

Acinar cells do what

A

Make digestive enzymes and secretion of what ends up in saliva

58
Q

Myoepithelial cells do what

A

Contract and lead saliva into mouth

59
Q

How blood vessels work w salivary formation

A

Feed cells, provide filtrate for water formation in saliva

60
Q

Saliva contains what 4

A

Amylase, na, k, cl, hco3

61
Q

Hormone impact on saliva: adh, aldosterone

A

Adh inc water absorption, concentrates saliva

Aldosterone increases k secretion into and na reabsorption out of saliva

62
Q

Pth does what to saliva

A

Calcium absorption

63
Q

Factors that affect salivary secretion other than hormones and nervous control 7

A

Nausea, esophageal distension, sleep, dehydration, drugs, age, food composition

64
Q

Salivary acinus nervous control

A

ANS (PNS Ach and VIP, SNS NE)

Central (afferrent and efferent to salivary nucleus)

65
Q

Saliva is always what

A

Hypotonic to plasma, but similar composition

66
Q

Final tonicity of saliva dependent on what, what effects it

A

Flow through ducts. Rate increases, osmolality increases because less electrolyte reabsorption

67
Q

What is primarily reabsorbed from saliva into ducts

68
Q

What causes gallbladder contraction

A

CCK and vagal

69
Q

Order of GI tissue top to bottom

A

Mucosa: epithelial cells, secretions to lube/protect
Submucosa: glands and ducts, exocrine
Muscular layers
Serosa: CT and peritoneum

70
Q

Layers of mucosa: 1 and 2

A

Surface mucous cells- release mucus, lube and protect mucosa

Mucous neck cells- same as above

71
Q

Layers of mucosa: 3 and 4

A

Parietal cells- make HCL and IF, digest food, kill bacteria, convert pepsinogen, b12 absorption

Chief cells- release pepsinogen and gastric lipase, digest proteins and fats

72
Q

Layers of mucosa: 5

A

Endocrine cells-
D cells- somatostatin (inhibits hcl and gastrin release)
G cells- gastrin (stim parietal cells, gastrin, IF, R protein)
ECL- stim HCL release

73
Q

HCL jobs 3

A

Digests food, kills bacteria, converts pepsinogen to pepsin’s

74
Q

IF: only secretion that is what, what it does

A

Only indispensable secretion

B12 absorption in duodenum

75
Q

Pepsinogens

A

Cleaved to pepsin in acidic enviro

76
Q

Gastrin: stim 2, decreases what

A

Gastric motility and hcl secretion, decreases gastric emptying

77
Q

Somatostatin does what

A

Inhibits HCL secretion

78
Q

Histamine does what

A

Stimulates HCL secretion

79
Q

R protein does what

A

Protects b12 from degradation until duodenum. There its cleaved by trypsin and IF digests b12

80
Q

Grehlin: does what

A

When fasting acts on hypothalamus to stimulate hunger, opposes satiety of leptin/peptide yy

81
Q

Mucinase

A

Disrupts bicarb and mucus layer, leads to ulcers

82
Q

Parietal cell releases HCL. __ gets into lumen. Starts as CO2 and __. Becomes __ and __. H ion is exchanged to lumen via what. __ ion uses __ exchanger to get into cell and maintain neutrality

A

H. Ca. Bicarb and acid
H/K ATPase
Bicarb

83
Q

3 things that stimulate HCL secretion

A

Ach, gastrin, histamine

84
Q

What inhibits HCL secretion 4

A

Secretin (g cells)
Somatostatin (parietal and g cells)
GIP (parietal cells)
Prostaglandins (ecl and G cells)

85
Q

Salivary amylase: breaks starches down into __ or __

A

Dextrin or oligosaccharides

86
Q

Pancreatic amylase: breaks __ or __ into __, __, or __

A

Dextrin or oligosaccharides to lactose, maltose, sucrose

87
Q

Brush border enzymes: in __ __. Break __, __, or __ into __, __, and __

A

SI

Lactose/maltose/sucrose into glucose, galactose, fructose

88
Q

Proteins broken down by what in stomach into __ and __

A

Pepsin

Proteoses and peptones

89
Q

In stomach, proteoses and peptones are broken down by what into what

A

Pancreatic enzymes

Small polypeptides

90
Q

Small polypeptides are broken down by what into what in SI

A

Brush border enzymes, amino acids

91
Q

Unemulsified fats: where digestion begins, addition of what

A

SI, emulsifying agents or pancreatic lipases

92
Q

When broken down in SI unemulsified fats become what or what and path of absorption

A

MG and FA - absorbed into lacteals to go to liver

Glycerol and FA- absorbed into capillaries of villi to go to liver

93
Q

Receptive relaxation: mediated by what, release of what

A

Vagal, VIP

Pressure on stomach causes muscles to relax

94
Q

Spikes on top of slow waves caused by 3

A

Stretch, Ach, PNS

95
Q

Peristalsis in SI under what kind of frontal

A

Enteric, non CNS

96
Q

SI peristalsis
Contraction caused by __ and __ motor neurons
Relaxation by __ motor neuron

A

Tachykinin and cholinergic

VIP

97
Q

LI does NOT have what

98
Q

Saliva: __ to plasma but has more what. Contains what

A

Hypotonic, more bicarb

Coag factors, WBC, IgA

99
Q

Acinar cells do what

A

Make digestive enzymes and saliva

100
Q

Myoepithelial cells do what

A

Empty acinar cell content into mouth by alpha adrenergic fibers

101
Q

___ inhibits saliva production
___ increases K in saliva
Slower flow leads to what in tonicity of saliva

A

ADH
Aldosterone
More electrolytes reabsorbed, less tonicity

102
Q

Endocrine secretions 2

A

Gastrin into stomach and intestine- HCL

CCK- intestine

103
Q

Paracrine secretions 2, where

A

Somatostatin and histamine into intestine

104
Q

Vagus can stim release of what 2 secretions

A

ACH and GRP

105
Q

What happens in cephalic phase of gastric secretion

A

Anticipation chemo and mechanoreceptors on tongue/buccal/nasal mucosa, vagal fox, gastrin/acid/enzymes

106
Q

What happens in gastric phase of secretion

A

Vagal effects, gastrin, acid, enzyme, pH change

107
Q

What happens in intestinal phase of gastric secretion

A

Mucosal secretions (mucus, hormones, enzymes) and sec from pancreas, liver, gallbladder from hepatic duct to sphincter of oddi

108
Q

When food enters duodenum, ___ is released. It decreases __ secretion, purpose

A

Secretin, gastrin

Less acidic to protect mucosa

109
Q

Endocrine cells in SI release what

A

Gastrin, cck, secretin, gip, motilin, serotonin

110
Q

Brunners glands: secretes what where

Stim by what

A

Mucus and proteases at duodenum before oddi

Pns, vagus, secretin

111
Q

Cholesterol is absorbed by __ to __ system to __ duct to __ vein

A

Lacteal, lymph, thoracic, subclavian

112
Q

High fat diet more likely what will be released

113
Q

Pancreas
Endocrine functions: 3
Exocrine functions: 2

A

Somatostatin, insulin, glucagon

Proteases and electrolytes

114
Q

In acinar cells: what kind of exchange occurs

A

Electrolyte exchange throughout duct

115
Q

What are trypsinogen and chymotrypsin

A

Tryp- activated to trypsin in duodenum by enterokinases

Chym- activated by trypsin

116
Q

Ileum secretes __ and __

A

H and bicarb, bicarb as buffer in exchange for chloride

117
Q

What increases SI surface area

A

Villi and microvilli

118
Q

Fructose: goes in apical side through what, basolateral side through what

A

GLUT5, GLUT2

119
Q

Glucose and galactose enter cell by __ transporter, and __

___ pump on basolateral side function

A

Na/X transporter (piggy back na gradient)
SGLT1
Na/k, transports Na out against gradient so Na and MG can come in on apical side

120
Q

Protein breakdown in stomach

A

HCL stim secretion of pepsinogen, cleaved to pepsin in acid which breaks down proteins

121
Q

Protein breakdown in lancrease

A

Proteases secreted as zymogens through pancreatic duct into duodenum. Fire extinguisher for trypsin. Breaks down into bases

122
Q

Protein breakdown in SI by what

A

Pancreatic proteases activated by intestinal enterokinases, maintains optimal pH

123
Q

Lipid digestion in mouth

A

Lingual lipase cleaves TG to FA and DG

124
Q

Lipid digestion in stomach

A

Gastric lipase cleaves TG to FA and DG

125
Q

Lipid digestion in SI

A

Peptides and fats in duodenum initiate CCK release and gallbladder contraction. Panc enzymes thru oddi. Panc lipase converts FA and MG

126
Q

3 fats that need to be broken down, and what they’re broken down into

A

TG: dg and fa to mg
Cholesterol esters- cholesterol and acid
Phospholipids- further

127
Q

Pancreatic lipase is inactive in presence of what. CCK does what

A

Inactive in presence of bile salts

CCK stim both bile release and panc lipase

128
Q

Product of emulsion is a __. Crosses __ __ layer. To brush border membrane where fats released and taken to __. Once there repackaged into __ and enter __.

A

Micelle. Unstirred aqueous. Cytoplasm.

Chylomicron. Lacteal (if not goes to blood)

129
Q

Bile absorption occurs where

A

Terminal ileum

Physiology (25 decks)

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