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CNS Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic functional unit of CNS, how work is done.

A

Neuron

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2
Q

Language of neurons

A

Action potentials

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3
Q

Structural support or CNS

A

Neuroglia

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4
Q

What maintains and buffers ECF, regulates electrolytes, and is involved in signal transmission

A

Astrocytes

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5
Q

What produces myelin

A

Oligodendroglia

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6
Q

What in CNS is involved in Immunity and presents antigen to T cells

A

Microglia/ latent phagocytes

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7
Q

What lines ventricles and produces CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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8
Q

What produces myelin in PNS.

A

Schwann cells

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9
Q

1 Schwann cell per ___. 1 ___ can myelinate several axons in CNS

A

Axon. Oligodendrocyte

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10
Q

What is structural support in PNS

A

Satellite cells

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11
Q

Input directly goes to __ or to __

A

Dendrites or soma

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12
Q

Impulses only travel in one direction because of what

A

Refractory period

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13
Q

Excitatory comes on __, inhibitory mainly on ___. But there are exceptions

A

Dendrite, soma

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14
Q

Axon hillock is dense in __ __. Easier to reach thresholds here than __, which needs more __

A

Sodium channels, soma, inputs

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15
Q

Inter neurons have __ axons

A

Small

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16
Q

Unipolar neurons more common in what

A

Intervertebrates

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17
Q

Pseudo unipolar neurons found in __ __ __, __ neuron. Axon comes straight out and goes to __ __ directions

A

Dorsal root ganglion, sensory. Two different

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18
Q

__ neurons common in nose and eye, sensory organs

A

Bipolar

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19
Q

___ neurons are motor neurons

A

Multipolar

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20
Q

Major neuron types of cerebral cortex: __ cells and __ or __ cells

A

Pyramidal

Stellar or granule

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21
Q

Pyramidal cells are __% of cerebral cortex

__ amino acid: __ or __

A

75

Excitatory, glutamate, aspartate

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22
Q

Stellate or granule cells are __% __
___ amino acid: __ or __
Most are ___: ___

A

25, interneurons,
Excitatory, glutamate or aspartate
Inhibitory, GABA

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23
Q

Anesthetic agents work by enhancing what

A

GABA

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24
Q

GABA works by passing ___, brings __ inside of cell. ___ cell further

A

Chloride, negative, depolarizes

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25
Q

__ ___ get things from cell body to pre-synaptic terminal

A

Calcium microfilaments

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26
Q

__ and __ can move quickly because of microfilaments

A

Mitochondria and vesicles

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27
Q

__ move slowly

A

Proteins

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28
Q

2 major proteins: ___ from spinal cord to foot. __ moves proteins back up from axon terminus to cell body. Both are __ and use __

A

Kinesins
Dynein
ATP
Microtubules

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29
Q

Rely on __ to keep ions and neurotransmitters in balance. ___ critical for normal neuronal function

A

Neuroglia

Astrocytes

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30
Q

___ speed conduction

__ can produce glial scars, which is why people with __ __ __ don’t recuperate

A

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes, spinal cord injury

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31
Q

RMP __. Depolarize __-__ mV to reach __ mV threshold. __ or __. All action potentials are the same __. Na opens and shuts __. Refractory period __ and depends on __. Need even more __ to achieve hyperpolarization.

A

-70. 10-20. -50. All or nothing. Size. Fast. Varies, neuron. Depolarization

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32
Q

In relative refractory __ channels are open

In absolute refractory __ channels are closed

A

K

Na

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33
Q

__, __, and __ look the same on a chart as a phenomenon

A

Voltage, conductance, current

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34
Q

K stops leaking because of __ gradient

A

Electrical

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35
Q

In unmyelinated have to __ depolarize. Requires a lot of __ and running of __ __ to restore gradient, not efficient

A

Sequentially, ATP, Na/K

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36
Q

Because membrane is thin can lose __ into membrane in unmyelinated. Have to overcome __

Myelinate on decreases __ and increases ___. Use less __

A

Charge, capacitance

Capacitance, resistance. ATP

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37
Q

Myelinate on restricts action potential generation to __ __ __

A

Nodes of ranvier

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38
Q

In local anesthetics unmyelinated nerve will have axon __

In myelinated will only be touched at __ and need to cover __ to have a block

A

Covered

Node, 3

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39
Q

ATP pumps on myelinated found where, on unmyelinated found where

A

Nodes of ranvier

Along entire length

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40
Q

Myelinate on benefits: fast ___, __ __ processing, __ advantage

A

Reflexes, complex mental, metabolic

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41
Q

Withdrawal reflex takes place where

A

Myelinated axon

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42
Q

Oligodendrocytes CNS Schwann cell myelination # of cells

A

Oligodrendrocytes- myelinates many axons with one cell in CNS

Schwann cells myelinate with one cell per axon in PNS

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43
Q

A alpha sensory fiber. Size compared to B and C. Conduction velocity. Supplies receptors: __ __ spindles, __ __ organ. ___ fiber

A

Bigger than b and c. Fast because big. Primary muscle, Golgi tendon. Motor

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44
Q

A beta fiber. __ compared to a alpha. Still ___ in velocity. supplies receptors: __ muscle spindles, skin ___

What kind of fiber

A

A little slower, fast, secondary, mechanoreceptors

Sensory

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45
Q

A delta fiber: __ function. __ pain conducted. Supplies skin ___, __ receptors, and ___. These are myelinated or not. This is the __ surgical pain

Important to who

A

Sensory, fast, mechanoreceptors, thermal, nociceptors

Myelinated. Initial. CRNA

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46
Q

Easiest to block __ and __ fibers

A

B and c

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47
Q

C sensory fibers: __ __ fibers. Myelinated or not. __ pain. Receptors are skin __, __ receptors, and __. On __ of nerve fiber

A

Slow pain, not, mechanoreceptors, thermal, nociceptors. Outside

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48
Q

A alpha motor fiber imp in __ __. Receptors in __ __ muscle fibers

A

Motor movement, extrafusal skeletal

49
Q

A gamma y motor fibers imp for __ and __. Receptors are __ muscle fibers

A

Balance and tone. Intrafusal

50
Q

B motor fibers. __myelinated. Receptor on __ __ fibers

A

Lightly, Preganglionic autonomic

51
Q

C motor fibers. __myelinated. Receptor on __ __ fibers

A

Not. Postganglionic autonomic

52
Q

__ and __ fibers out outside of nerve fiber. __ __ outside. __ __ and __ __ on inside

A

B, C. A delta.

A alpha and A beta

53
Q

___ neuron-neuron junction present in __ __ (electrical) and __ mediated (chemical)

A

Classic, gap junctions, neurotransmitter

54
Q

3 types of synaptic signaling

A

Neuron neuron
Neuron glial
Extra synaptic

55
Q

In extra synaptic signaling NTs released from synapses act on receptors that are __ of the __ area

A

Outside, synaptic

56
Q

Gap junctions

  • __ __ pathways that allow current to flow
  • allows exchange of __ __ between cells
  • __ and __
A

Low resistance

Small molecules

Fast and bidirectional

57
Q

Gap junctions

  • __ of network activity and __ __ neurons
  • regulated by __, __ __, __, and _ _ coupled receptors
A

Synchronization, electronically coupled

Voltage, intracellular pH, calcium ion, G protein

58
Q

Gap junctions aren’t primary means of ___

Connexons are ___

A

Communication

Channels

59
Q

Chemical synapses

A lot of __ here to restore ionic gradient. __ going into cell requires removal and a lot of __

A

Mitochondria, calcium, ATP

60
Q

Chemical synapses
Connections mainly on __ only a few on __ __

Delay when chemicals travel __ __

A

Dendrites, cell body

Across cleft

61
Q

Synaptic transmission

  1. Action potential is propagated to the __ terminal which __
  2. __ channels __ in response to depolarization
  3. Increased __ conc in presynaptic micro domain promotes __ of vesicles containing neurotransmitter within plasma membrane
A

Presynaptic, depolarizes

Calcium, open

Calcium, fusion

62
Q

Synaptic transmission

  1. NT binds __ __ receptors stabilizing the __ confirmation of the receptor
  2. Within __ NT is __ from synaptic cleft
A

Post synaptic, active

Milliseconds, cleared

63
Q

Synaptic transmission

  • ion flow dependent on 2 gradients:
  • open or closed confirmation of ion channel results in __ or __
A

Concentration and voltage

EPSP, IPSP

64
Q

___ of NT is primary, ___ is secondary to reduce NT conc in synaptic cleft

A

Reuptake, degradation

65
Q

Agonists stabilize __ confirmation channel

Antagonists __ __ from binding and support __ confirmation

A

Open

Prevent agonists, closed

66
Q

Acetylcholine or cholinergic synapses stopped by ___

Most others such as norepi and glutamate stopped by __

A

Degradation

Re uptake

67
Q

Gaseous neurotransmitter

68
Q

Fusion of synaptic vesicle that has NT with presynaptic membrane occurs at __ sites called __ __

A

Specific sites, active zones

69
Q

Active zones rich in calcium channels= micro domain __ in cystolic ca with __ __

A

Increase, action potential

70
Q

Docking, priming, and fusion process involve ___

A

SNARE: soluble, n-ethyl, attachment receptor protein

71
Q

V snares: __ __

T snares: target __ __ __

A

Vesicle membrane

Presynaptic plasma membrane

72
Q

__, __, and __ zip together bringing the vesicle membrane and presynaptic membrane into close proximity

A

Synaptobrevin, syntaxin, and snap-25

73
Q

___ appears to be the calcium sensor in vesicular release

A

Synaptotagmin

74
Q

Vesicular release occurs with voltage gated __ channels __. What inhibits these

A

Calcium, open

Botulism

75
Q

Calcium entry and exit mechanisms: calcium __, __ gated ca __, __gated ca _, __/__ exchanger

A

Pump, ligand channel, voltage channel, Na/ca

76
Q

Ca has a crucial role as mediator of __. It is at the base of __-__ coupling

A

Secretion

Excitation secretion

77
Q

Ca concentration gradients are __

Extracellular __-__ milimolar

Intracellular __-__ nanomolar

A

Huge

1-2

10-50

78
Q

__ gated ca channel can be blocked by different drugs

79
Q

Inactivation channel type: inactivation. Speed. L, P, N, T, Q/R

A 
None to little 
Slow 
Slow
Rapid 
Slow
80
Q

Antagonist channel in voltage gated ca channel: l, p, n, t

A

DHP
DHP and spider venom insensitive
Conotoxin and dhp insensitive
Nickel ions

81
Q 
Activation of calcium channels 
L
P
N
T
Q/r
A 
Strong depolarization 
Strong depolarization 
Strong depolarization
Near resting potential 
Strong depolarization
82
Q 
Location of voltage gated calcium channels 
L
P
N
T
Q/r
A 
Skeletal, cardiac, muscle, brain, neuroendo 
Presynaptic 
Presynaptic 
Cardiac muscle and neuron cell body 
Cerebellum granule cells
83
Q 
Function of voltage gated calcium channels 
L
P
N
T
Q/r
A 
Varied
Transmitter release
Transmitter release
Rhythmic potentials
Transmitter release
84
Q

Criteria to be a neurotransmitter:
Present in __ __
Cell must be able to __ the subtance
Released upon __ of presynaptic membrane
Specific __ on postsynaptic membrane with or without __ locations
__ and __ don’t follow these rules

A 
Presynaptic terminal 
Synthesize
Depolarization 
Receptor, extra synaptic 
Hormones and peptide transmitters
85
Q

Non peptide transmitters/classic neurotransmitters

  • synthesized and packed in __ __
  • synthesized in __ form
  • usually in __, __ vesicles
A

Nerve terminal
Active form
Small, clear

86
Q

Non peptide/classic neurotransmitters

  • released into __ __
  • action of many terminated because of uptake by presynaptic terminals by __ powered __ transport
  • action has __ latency and __ duration
A
  • synaptic cleft
  • Na, active
  • short, short
87
Q

Peptide transmitters

  • synthesized and packed in __ __, transported to nerve terminal by __ __ transport
  • active peptide formed when it is __ from a much larger __ that contains several neuro peptides
  • usually present in __, __ dense vesicles
A

Cell body, fast atonal

Cleaved, polypeptide

Large, electron

88
Q

Peptide transmitters

  • may be released by some __ in the __ cell
  • there may be no _- __ synaptic structure
  • action terminated by __ or the peptide __ away
  • action may have __ latency and may __ for many __
A
  • distance, postsynaptic
  • well defined
  • proteolysis, diffusing
  • long, persist
89
Q

Small molecule/classic NTs
Class I: ___
Class II: __ __, 5

A

Acetylcholine

Biogenic amines: norepi, epi, dopamine, serotonin, histamine

90
Q

Small molecule NT

Class III: __ __, 4

A

Amino acids

GABA, glycine, glutamate, aspartate

91
Q

GABA- mostly ___. Most anesthetics __ GABA activity or work on these receptors
Glycine- imp in __ __. __. Not many drugs __ it specifically
Glutamate and aspartate are __

A

Inhibitory. Increase

Spinal cord. Cotransmitter. Target

Excitatory

92
Q

Neuro peptide/peptide transmitter classes 4

A

Hypothalamic releasing hormones, pituitary peptides, peptides that act on gut and brain, from other tissues

93
Q

Peptide transmitters: hypothalamic releasing hormones 3

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Somatostatin/growth hormone inhibitory factor

94
Q

Peptide transmitters: pituitary peptides

__, __-endorphin, __melanocyte stimulating hormone, __, __ hormone, __, __ hormone, __, __

A 
ACTH 
Beta, Alpha 
Prolactin, Luteinizing 
Thyrotropin, Growth hormone 
Vasopressin, oxytocin
95
Q 
Peptides that act on gut and brain
\_\_ enkephalin (\_\_ peptide), \_\_ enkephaline (\_\_ peptide), \_\_ \_\_, \_\_, \_\_, \_\_ intestinal polypeptide VIP, \_\_ growth factor, \_\_-derived neurotropic factor, \_\_, \_\_, \_\_
A 
Leucine, opioid
Methionine, opioid 
Substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin 
Vasoactive, nerve, brain 
Neuro tension, insulin, glucagon
96
Q

Peptides from other tissues: angiotensin __, __, __ peptides, __

A

II, bradykinin, carnosine, sleep, calcitonin

97
Q

Gaseous NTs
Are not released from __
__ __ and __ __

A

Vesicles, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide

98
Q

Gaseous NTs released from __ __ __

A

Pre synaptic cell

99
Q

How gaseous NTs work
__ or __ come into cell and cause __ increase. __ or __ stimulates _ __ coupled receptor. Increases ca release which binds __. Goes to __ __ __. Converts __ to __ __. Converts __ to __. Decreases _ entry.

A

AP or NT, Ca, ach or bradykinin
G protein, calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase,
GTP to cGMb, calcium

100
Q

Glutamate responsible for __ __

Too much glutamate for too long can cause __. End effect __ or __. Too much __ and no __ to pump it out

A

NT recycling

Apoptosis. Stroke or ischemia. Calcium, ATP

101
Q

___ takes up glutamate. Sits on __ and __ nerves. Have them on __ cells. __ converts glutamate to glutamine. Transfer glutamine back to neuron without causing __. Rely on __ to keep glutamate levels normal

A

EAAT. Pre and post synaptic.

Glial. Astrocytes. Cytotoxicity. Astrocytes.

102
Q

Acetylcholine broken down by __ in synaptic cleft

__ transported back to axon terminal and used to __ __ ach

A

Acetylcholinesterase

Choline, make more

103
Q

EPSP or IPSP occurs when __ binds to a __ __ receptor.
__ __ channel for fast transmitting
__ __ __ __ for slow transmission

A

NT, post synaptic

Ligand gated

G protein coupled receptor

104
Q

In G protein receptor when alpha beta and gamma are together channel is __

105
Q

Post synaptic responses to NT

-ion current flows then the direction of flow depends on __ __ of __ __

A

Electrochemical gradients, per meant ions

106
Q

Ix= gx X (Vm - Ex)

What I, X, Vm, Ex, and g are

A 
I is current 
X is an ion 
Membrane potential Vm
Ex is Nernst potential 
How channel conducts moving through a membrane
107
Q

Miniature end plate potential: __ depolarizations of postsynaptic membrane. Reflect __ release of a __ synaptic vesicle. Too __ to reach threshold, _ action potential occurs

A

Small,
Spontaneous, single, small
No

108
Q

EPSP: __ __ flux. Decreased __ influx or __ efflux. Change in receptor __ or enzymatic or metabolic activity (__ effect)

A

Increased Na. Cl. K.

Expression. Delayed

109
Q

IPSP: __ __ influx or __ efflux. Can be __ or __ __. Change in receptor expression or enzymatic activity w __ effect

A

Increased Cl, k. Pre or post synaptic

Delayed

110
Q

Spatial summation

A

Multiple synapses firing causing AP to occur

111
Q

Temporal summation

A

Same axon firing repeatedly

112
Q

Facilitation

A

Have some synapses. Not enough to get over threshold. A few more come in and threshold achieved

113
Q

Divergence

A

Multiple branches come into one single tract

114
Q

Convergence

A

Single source branches into several branches

115
Q

__ __ helps coordinate motor movements. Releasing __ inhibits it

A

Reciprocal inhibition

GABA

116
Q

Reverberatory circuits can __ __ on themselves and even __ or __ signal. Imp in __ __ __

A

Feed back, amplify, inhibit

Short term memory

117
Q

Majority of synapses are ___

Alkalosis in isf __ neuronal ___
Acidosis __ neuronal __

A

Dendritic

Increases, excitability
Depresses, activity

118
Q

Hypoxia severely __ neuronal __

Drugs can increase and decrease __

A

Decreases, excitability

Excitability

119
Q

What can increase chances of a seizure

Physiology (25 decks)

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