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Physiology > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Head of pancreas has more of a ___ function, near which organ

Tail of pancreas has more __ function, near what

What is present throughout

A

Exocrine, duodenum

Endocrine, spleen

Endo and exo function

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2
Q

Pancreas is anatomically ___ in abdomen

A

Retroperitoneal

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3
Q

Islets of langerhands
____ cells
3 types, which most prevalent, what they produce

A

Endocrine
Alpha, glucagon
Beta, insulin, 75%
Delta, somatostatin

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4
Q

Insulin secretion stimulated by what

Glucagon secretion inhibited by what

A

Glucose

Insulin

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5
Q

Glucagon producing cells have high conc of what if beta cells secreting insulin

A

Insulin

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6
Q

Glucose does not control what

A

Alpha cells that make glucagon

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7
Q

Beta cells respond to changes in what

A

Bg to release insulin

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8
Q

Overall effect of insulin is ___

Promotes synthesis of what

A

Anabolic

Carb, fat, protein

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9
Q

____ is cleave to form insulin

A

C peptide

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10
Q

Synthesis of insulin:

____ to ___ to __ and __

A

Preproinsulin
Proinsulin
Insulin and c peptide

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11
Q

Insulin leads to __ hormone composed of __ and ___, linked by ___

A

Peptide
A and b chains
Disulfide (strong)

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12
Q

__ and __ __ are stored and released together

A

Insulin and c peptide

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13
Q

Insulin circulates in __ form, half life of what, degraded by what

A

Free
3-8 min
Liver and kidney

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14
Q

What is measured as an index of endocrine capacity of pancreas

A

C peptide

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15
Q

Physiologic effect of c peptide

A

Decreases gfr to uptake more glucose by body

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16
Q

Glucose uptake is by ___ transporter which leads to cell depolarization, ca influx, and release of insulin from storage

A

Glut 2

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17
Q

What happens if drug blocks atp sensitive k channel

A

Cell stays depolarized (no k leaving), more insulin release

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18
Q

If drug makes atp sensitive k channel more sensitive to being blocked what happens

A

Quicker insulin release when bg rises

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19
Q

What happens if born w less sensitive k channel

A

Need more atp to block channel, need more glucose before insulin will be realeased. Higher bg set point, 150-170

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20
Q

What happens to bg after bolus dose of insulin

A

Bg rises, stored insulin was used and body has to make more

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21
Q

Limiting factor for glycolysis, in which cells

A

Glucose, beta

Not in cardiac cells or neurons

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22
Q

Glucagon increases what 3 things in blood

A

Glucose, FA, ketoacids

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23
Q

Glucagon

Structure
Synthesized as what, then what happens to it

A

Straight chain polypeptide

Preproglucagon, cleaved to glucagon and stored in secretory vesicles

24
Q

Glucagon release increased when

Main target organ of glucagon

A

Fasting, when insulin levels low

Liver

25
Q

Receptor of glucagon, stimulated what, increases what, __ to phosphorylate target proteins

A

GPCR (Gs)
Adenylyl cyclase, cAMP
PKA

26
Q

Liver functions to increase BG 3

A

Glycogenolysis (breakdown glycogen)
Gluconeogenesis (glucose synthesis)
Synthesis of ketoacids from fatty acids

27
Q

Cant convert __ into glucose but can convert fat into __ __

A

Fat

Ketone bodies

28
Q

What two things are antagonists

A

Glucagon and insulin

29
Q

Transporter that moves to cell surface, always open, when glucose high on outside

A

Glut 4

30
Q

What enhances glucose response and does what

A

AA plus glucose, enhances protein synthesis and muscle growth

31
Q

Glut 1
Distribution
Does what

A

Widely distributed

Supplies many cells w glucose. High affinity, low capacity, passive

32
Q

Glut 2
Where they are 4
About

A

B cells, kidney, intestines, liver

Low affinity, high capacity, passive

33
Q

Glut 3

Where they are

A

Supplies neurons w glucose

Passive

34
Q

Glut 4
Where they are
Dependent on what

A

Muscle and fat

Insulin dependent

35
Q

Glut 5

Where

Transports what

A

Intestines

Fructose transporter, passive

36
Q

Sglt 1 and 2

Where

__-__ ___ transporters

A

Intestines and kidney

Na glucose co transporters. Active

37
Q

Insulin
Decreases 2
Increases 6

A

Appetite and glucagon

Increases glucose uptake by tissue, glycolysis, glycogen syth, tg synth, aa uptake, protein synth

38
Q

Lack of insulin/glucagon

Increases 8

Decreases 2

A

Inc appetite, glucagon, bg, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, protein breakdown, glycogenolysis, Ketone body production (ketoacidosis)

Decreases glucose uptake by tissues and protein synthesis

39
Q

Just ate: __ and __ high, __ low. __ lowers then __ lowers. __ starts to increase

A

Bg and insulin. Glucagon

Bg then insulin, glucagon

40
Q

After meal when glucagon goes up stim ___, __ and __ release

Liver converts __ to __ bodies.

A

Glycolysis,
Ffa and tg

Ffa to ketone

41
Q

Right after we eat liver __ is high when bg high. Use more __ when bg lowers.

A

Glycogen

Glycogen

42
Q

Type 1 dm
Prevalence
What happens

A

10%

Autoimmune destruction of b cells

43
Q

Type 2 dm
Prevalence
What happens

A

90%

Insulin resistance

44
Q

MODY
What happens
Prevalent in who

A

Genetic defect in insulin production or release

2% of less than 15 year old diabetics

45
Q

Endocrine disorders that cause diabetes

A

Cushing, acromegaly, pheocromocytoma

46
Q

Hormones that raise bg

A

Mainly cortisol and glucagon

Gh and epi do as well

47
Q

__ transporter sees chronic hyperglycemia in cell, leads to __ cell loss, __ production decreases

A

Glut 2
Beta
Insulin

48
Q

Type 1 dm is a type __ hypersensitivity

A

4

49
Q

Type 2 dm is progressive loss of what

A

Insulin sensitivity of muscle and fat cells

50
Q 
Type 1 onset 
What age 
Weight 
Insulin 
Anti islet cell bodies 
Ketoacidosis
A 
<20 
Normal
Decreased
Present 
Common
51
Q 
Type 2 onset 
Age
Weight
Insulin 
Anti islet cell antibodies 
Ketoacidosis
A 
>30 
Obese
Increase
None 
Rare
52
Q

Genetics type 1 vs type 2

A

Type 1, <50% accordance in twins, HLA D linked

> 90% accordance in twins, no HLA assoc

53
Q

Pathogenesis type 1

A

Autoimmunity, immunopathic. Insulin deficiency severe

54
Q

Pathogenesis type 2

A

Insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency

55
Q

Islet cells type 1

A

Insulitis early
Atrophy and fibrosis
B cell depletion

56
Q

Islet cells type 2

A

No insulitis
Atrophy and amyloid deposits
Mild b cell depletion

57
Q

Gestational dm

  • what it is
  • increased risk of what after pregnancy
  • caused by what
A

Undiagnosed dm that presents in pregnancy

Subsequent gestational dm and type 2 dm

Chorionic somatomammotropin

Physiology (25 decks)

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