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Physiology > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of PNS that has motor and sensory pathways regulating voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle

A

Somatic nervous system

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2
Q

Branch of PNS (that is centrally located) that regulates body’s internal environment through involuntary control of organ systems, and it’s subdivisions (__ __, __ muscle, and __)

Can be controlled ___ to some extent

A

Autonomic nervous system

Smooth muscle, cardiac, glands. Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Voluntarily

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3
Q

ANS
Located in __ and __

Neurons are pre___ and post___

A

PNS and CNS

Ganglionic, ganglionic

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4
Q

Preganglionic neurons: cell body is in __ (myelinated __ fibers)

A

CNS, myelinated B

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5
Q

Postganglionic neurons: cell body is in __ __ (___ __ fibers)

A

Autonomic ganglia, unmyelinated C

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6
Q

Two divisions of autonomic subs classified __

Often but not always physiologic ___

A

Anatomically

Antagonists

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7
Q

Postganglionic fibers generally __ of CNS

A

Outside

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8
Q

ANS has a __ neuron system except for __ __, somatic system has __ neuron system

A

2, adrenal medulla, 1

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9
Q

Pre and post ganglionic are different from

A

Pre and post synaptic

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10
Q

Activation of ANS by centers in 3

A

Hypothalamus, brain stem, spinal cord

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11
Q

2 subdivisions of brain stem

A

Medulla and Pons

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12
Q

3 of medulla a jobs

A

Airway tone, vascular tone, and respiratory drive

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13
Q

ANS has partial control over 4

A

Systemic BP
GI motility/secretion
Urinary bladder emptying
Sweating and body temp

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14
Q

SNS
Innervation is located in ___ region of spinal cord, Preganglionic neuron cell bodies in __-__/__

In __ horn of __ Matter

A

Thoracocolumbar, T1-L2/3

Intermediolateral, grey

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15
Q

SNS
Post ganglionic neuron cell bodies in ___
___ chains on either side of spinal column
___ ganglia in celiac, superior, inferior mesenteric ganglia in abdomen

A

Ganglia
Paravertebral
Prevertebral

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16
Q

SNS has ___ Preganglionic neurons and __ post

Synapse ___ after leaving CNS in general

A

Short, long, quickly

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17
Q

SNS
___ energy stores
Nerve fibers leave spinal cord __ via __ rami then travel to __ __ ganglia

A

Mobilizes

Ventrally, white, 22 paravertebral

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18
Q

SNS
From paravertebral ganglia nerve fibers can synapse with postganglionic neuron at __ __ or move __ or __ to synapse at another __. Pass ganglia without synapsing to __ ganglia surrounding __ __ (__ ganglia)

A

Same level, caudad or cephalad
Level
Collateral, abdominal aorta, paravertebral

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19
Q

Prevertebral surrounding abdominal aorta are: __, __ __, and __ __

Some ganglia have __ __ as well

A

Celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

Inhibitory interneurons

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20
Q

Thoracocolumbar
Post ganglionic nerve cell bodies found in ganglia of __ __ exit to travel to __ __
Return to spinal nerves via __ __, travel with these nerves to __ __, __ __, and __ __

A

Paravertebral chains, peripheral organs

Gray rami, blood vessels, piloerector muscles, and sweat glands

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21
Q

Distribution of SNS fibers based on __ __ not __ __

A

Embryonic development, spinal segments

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22
Q 
T1 SNS fibers go to paravertebral sympathetic chain to \_\_
T2 to \_\_
T3-6 to \_\_
T7-11 to \_\_
T12-L2 to \_\_
A 
Head
Neck
Chest 
Abdomen 
Legs
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23
Q 
What part of SNS innervates
Head
Neck 
Chest
Abdomen 
Legs
A 
T1
T2
T3-6
T7-11
T12-L2
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24
Q

Parasympathetic innervation
Preganglionic neurons arise in:
Cranial medullary CN 4
Sacral spinal cord __-__ regions

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10

S2-4

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25
Q

PNS
Post ganglionic neuron cell bodies located in __ __ and in __ and __

__ Preganglionic neurons, ___ post

A

Target organs, head and neck

Long, short

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26
Q

PNS craniosacral division goal to:

Receives innervation from cell bodies located where. 75% where

A

Conserve and restore energy

Cranial nerve nuclei (3, 5, 7, 9, 10). 75% in X passing to abdominal and thoracic areas. Also sacral region of spinal cord

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27
Q

Preganglionic neurons of PNS travel to ganglia where

A

Close to organs they innervate

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28
Q

PNS

Vagus innervation to 9 organs

A

Heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, SI, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, upper uterus

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29
Q

PNS
CN III where and does what
CN V where and does what

A

3- keeps eye focused

5- submandibular gland, secretions

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30
Q

CN 7 where is nucleus and which glands

CN 9 where is nucleus and which gland

A

7- superior salvitory nucleus, lacrimal, nasal, submaxillary glands

9- inferior Salvitory nucleus parotid gland

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31
Q

PNS

S2-3 (sometimes 1-4) innervates what (5)

A

Distal colon, rectum, bladder, lower uterus, external genitalia

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32
Q

Postganglionic neurons in __ ganglia including:

___ ganglion, Preganglionic input is from Edinger Westphal nucleus

A

Cranial

Ciliary

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33
Q

Postganglionic neurons
__ and __ ganglia have input from superior salivatory nucleus
__ ganglion has input from inferior salivatory nucleus
Others are located __ or __ walls of visceral organs in thoracic, abdo

A

Pterygopalatine, submandibular

Otic

In or near

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34
Q

ANS function
SNS and PNS actions often __ __ __ antagonistic

SNS: __ __, maintenance of __ __
PNS: ___, but __ __ __

A

But not always

Self preservation, vasomotor tone
Rest, excitatory visceral functions (digestion)

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35
Q

SNS effects in
Eyes
Salivary glands
Blood vessels

A

Dilate
Stop making saliva
Want brain flow, constricted on skin, want skeletal muscle flow, gut/kidneys don’t need flow, heart and lungs need flow

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36
Q

SNS effects on
Lungs
Heart
Adrenal medulla

A

Bronchodilation for gas exchange
Want heart to beat fast and contract strong using ATP
80% epi 20% norepi

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37
Q

SNS effects on
Liver
Pancreas
GI

A

Release glucose. Use blood from liver for other places
Release insulin to skeletal muscle, uses glucose
Want it to be relaxed, divert blood from it

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38
Q

SNS effects on
Bladder
Sweat glands

A

Relaxed, sphincter tight

Sweat, want it to cool us off

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39
Q

PNS effect on
Eye
Lacrimal gland
Salivary gland

A

Constricted
Can cry or be active
Active, digests food

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40
Q

PNS effect on
Heart
Lung
Upper and lower GI

A

Want it slow, some affect in contractility

Some constriction

Active, secretions in upper

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41
Q

PNS effect on
Bladder
Genitals

A

Contracts, sphincters able to relax

Active

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42
Q

SNS ___ response with ___ innervation

3 uses

A

Amplification, diffuse

Exercise, postural changes, emergency massive response (fight or flight)

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43
Q

PNS: ___ and __ targeted responses

Both systems exhibit __ __ at rest

Heart rate has __ predominance. Blood vessels has __ tone.

A

Discrete, narrowly

Baseline tone

Vagal. SNS.

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44
Q

Affect of vagus on heart rate

Why SNS tone in blood vessels important

A

Lowers heart rate

To get blood to brain

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45
Q

Somatic efferent system
How many synapses
Releases __ on a __ receptor

A

1

Acetylcholine on a nicotinic

46
Q

Sympathetic system

Has __ synapses on blood vessel, releases __ on __ receptor

A

2, acetylcholine on a nicotinic receptor then norepi on a blood vessel

47
Q

SNS

__ receptors release onto sweat glands. First __ on a __ receptor then __ on a __ receptor

A
  1. ACh on nicotinic, ACh on muscarinic
48
Q

SNS __ receptor in adrenal medulla. __ on a __ receptor

A
  1. ACh on a nicotinic
49
Q

PNS

__ receptors on salivary glands. First __ on __ receptor then __ on __ receptor

A
  1. ACh on nicotinic, ACh on muscarinic
50
Q

Sympathetic Preganglionic fibers
NT- secrete what
Receptor is what

A

Acetylcholine, cholinergic (nicotinic n type)

51
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers
NT=
Receptor type=

A

Norepi

Adrenergic

52
Q

Parasympathetic pre and post ganglionic fibers
NT= secrete what
Receptor type

A

Acetylcholine

Cholinergic. Nicotinic at ganglia, muscarinic at organ

53
Q

3 exceptions to NT/receptor rules

A 
Adrenal medulla (releases NE and epi as hormones)
Sweat glands (sympathetic cholinergic fibers)
Blood vessel- muscarinic ACh receptors but no PNS innervation
54
Q

Adrenal medulla anomaly: acts as __ built releases what as what

Proportions

Only place we get what from

A

Ganglia, releases epi and norepi as hormones. Released systemically not just at synapse

20%norepi 80%epi

Epi

55
Q

Point of having epi and norepi

A

Epi hits beta 1 and 2, norepi just beta 1

56
Q

Sweat gland anomaly:

What it’s called and how it’s different

A

Innervated by SNS, post ganglionic nerve releases ACh on a muscarinic ACh receptor

Sympathetic cholinergic fiber

57
Q

Blood vessel

Almost no innervation by what

But there are what receptors on them which do what

A

PNS

Muscarinic ACh receptors, activate NO and vasodilation if you have circulating ACh

58
Q

ACh needs to be released where and why

A

Close to where it’s going to be used because degrading quickly, doesn’t go systemic

59
Q

Cholinergic receptors PNS

Nicotinic:
Muscarinic:

A

NMJ and nn.

M1-5 (CNS and ganglia)

60
Q

PNS adrenergic receptors: 5

A

Alpha 1 and 2

Beta 1, 2, 3

61
Q

Mechanism of action of neurotransmitters: 1. Activation of what 2. Cascade has effect on what 3. Receptor type does what

A
  1. G protein coupled receptor
  2. Positive or negative effect on intracellular calcium which has a physiologic effect (inc- constriction, dec- dilation)
  3. Receptor type dictates activity of G protein
62
Q

Different parts of body have different __ and __ of receptors

Specific effect depends on 3

A

Types and densities

Type of receptor stimulated, receptor density in given tissue, what the second messengers activate at a molecular level in the cell

63
Q

Epi effect on vasculature and skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle has a lot of ___. Effect of epi

Skin and GI have a lot of __. Effect of epi.

A

Constricts, dilates
Beta 2. Epi goes to it and dilates
Alpha 1. Vasoconstriction from epi

64
Q

Receptors will do what based on plasma concentrations of catecholamines (__ or __)

A

Up or down regulate

Endogenous or exogenous

65
Q

Adenylate cyclase activates ___= smooth muscle __

Increased=

Decreased=

A

CAMP, dilation

Vasodilation, increased strength of contraction/heart rate

Vasoconstriction

66
Q

Camp effect on
Heart
Bronchioles
GI

A

Increases contractility
Dilates
Relaxes

67
Q

PLC activates __ and __ resulting in increased __ and __. Leads to what

A

IP3 and DAG, PKC, increased calcium. Vasoconstriction

68
Q

M1 ACh
G protein:
Signal:

A

G alpha q

Excitatory CNS modulatory at ganglia

69
Q

M1 ACH

2nd messengers/output: 3

A
  1. PLC activated
  2. IP3 and DAG
  3. PKC and increased free calcium

Decreased K conductance makes cell more excitable

70
Q

M2 ACh
G protein
Signal:

A

Gai

Inhibitory cardiac (SA node)

71
Q

M2 ACH

2nd messengers: 3 steps

Physiologic response

A
  1. Inhibit Adenylate cyclase 2. Decrease cAMP 3. Increase K conductance

Slows heart rate and decrease k conductance

72
Q

M3 ACH

G protein
Signal:

A

Gaq

Excitatory smooth muscle and glands (GI)

73
Q

M3

2nd messengers: 3 steps

Physiologic response

A
  1. PLC activated 2. IP3 and DAG 3. PKC increased and free calcium

Smooth muscle contraction. Peristalsis and secretion from a gland

74
Q

Nn ACH

G protein
Signal

A

Ligand gated ion channel

Excitatory ganglia in CNS

75
Q

Nn ACh

2nd messenger output

Physiologic response

A

Increased Na and K perm

Depolarization

76
Q

Nm AcH
G protein
Signal

A

Ligand gated ion channel

Excitatory NMJ

77
Q

Nm ACh

Physiologic response

A

Depolarization

78
Q

Alpha 1 epi/norepi
G protein

Signal

A

Gaq

Excitatory blood vessels on veins and skin

79
Q

Alpha 1 epi and norepi

2nd messengers and output 3

Physiologic response

A
  1. PLC activated
  2. IP3 and DAG
  3. PKC and increased free calcium

Smooth muscle vasoconstriction

80
Q

Alpha 2 epi and norepi

G protein

Signal

A

G alpha I

Inhibitory blood vessels pre synaptic
CNS post synaptic

81
Q

Alpha 2 epi and norepi

2nd messengers 3

Physiologic response

A
  1. Inhibit Adenylate cyclase 2. Decrease cAMP 3. Increased K conductance

Decreased cAMP increased smooth muscle contraction, increased K hyper polarizes

82
Q

B1,2,3 epi and norepi
G protein

Signal

A

G alpha s

Excitatory or inhibitory depending on cAMP actions

83
Q

B 1,2,3

2nd messengers 2

Physiologic response

A

Activate Adenylate cyclase

Increased cAMP relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac contractility and rate

84
Q

Muscarinic receptors (g protein coupled:
M1,3,5:
M2,M4:

A

Inositol phosphate pathway

Inhibit adenylyl cyclase reduce camp

85
Q

Nicotinic receptors 2 types

A

Nm at NMJ in skeletal muscle

Nn autonomic ganglia in adrenal medulla, CNS

86
Q

Don’t have drugs that can target which Ms specifically

Downside to this

A

M1,M2,M3

If you effect one, effect all of them

87
Q

Acetylcholine
Synthesis:
Choline (what brings it into cytoplasm) and acetyl coA (formed from what) form acetylcholine under influence of what

A

Active transport
Mitochondria
Enzyme choline acetyltransferase

88
Q

Acetylcholine
Storage
When released

A

Stored in synaptic vesicles, released in response to an action potential

89
Q

Acetylcholine
Metabolism
__ effect. How broken down
Cholinergic is transported where for what

A

Brief. Hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase to choline and acetate

Nerve endings for synthesis of a new acetylcholine

90
Q

SNS neurotransmitter selectivity

Norepi:

A

A1= a2, B1. Not much B2

91
Q

SNS NT selectivity

Epi

A

A1= a2. B1=b2.

92
Q

SNS NT selectivity

Dopamine

A

D1=D2. B, A.

93
Q

Norepinephrine

How it’s formed

A

Dopamine formed in cytoplasm, dopamine enters synaptic vesicle, converted to norepi in vesicle

94
Q

Norepi

Storage

Release

A

Stored in vesicle until action potential

With action potential it’s released from postganglionic SNS nerve ending into ECF via exocytosis

95
Q 
Norepi 
Termination of action 
1. \_\_\_ back into postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings (\_\_%)
2. \_\_\_ from receptors by diffusion 
3. \_\_\_ by enzymes MAO and COMT
A

Reuptake, 80

Dilution

Metabolism

96
Q

Epinephrine

Formation

A

Synthesized in medulla of adrenal glands by chromaffin cells, in same pathway that converts amino acid tyrosine into NE and dopamine (epi is final step)

97
Q

Epi

Storage and release

A

Released after simulation of adrenal medulla by pre ganglionic sympathetic neurons by ACh

98
Q

Epi termination of action

Look for what in urine as dx tool

A

COMT and MAO

VMA, in sympathetic pathway. Dx of pheochromocytoma

99
Q

Alpha 1 action on
Most vascular smooth muscle
Iris
Pilomotor smooth muscle

A

Contraction
Contraction- dilates pupils (mydriasis)
Erects hair

100
Q

Alpha 1 action on
Prostate and uterus
Heart- which is more important
Pancreas- opposite of what

A

Contraction
Increases force of contraction, B1
Decrease insulin secretion, b2

101
Q

Alpha 2 effects on
Platelets

Adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals (presynaptic)

A

Aggregation

Inhibits transmitter release, decreases BP and HR

102
Q

Alpha 2 effects on

Vascular smooth muscle

GI tract

A

Contraction (post synaptic) or dilation (presynaptic or CNS)

Relaxation (presynaptic)

103
Q

Alpha 2 effects on

CNS

A

Sedation and analgesia via decreased SNS flow from brain stem

104
Q

3 places alpha 2 can exist

A

CNS (sedation), pre synaptic terminal (hyper polarizing, decrease NT release), post synaptic (contraction and vasoconstriction)

105
Q

Beta 1 effect on

Heart

Kidney

A

Increases force and rate of contraction through SA and AV nodes

Stimulates renin release, BP drops

106
Q

Beta 2 effects on

Respiratory, uterine, vascular, GI, detrusor of bladder

Mast cells

A

Promotes smooth muscle relaxation

Decreases histamine release

107
Q

Beta 2 effects on skeletal muscle

A

Potassium uptake, dilation of vascular beds, tremor, increases speed of contraction

108
Q

Beta 2 effects on

Liver
Pancreas
Adrenergic nerve terminals

A

Glycogenolysis,
Gluconeogenesis,
Increases insulin secretion

Increases release of norepinephrine

109
Q

Beta 1 and beta 3 effects on fat cells

A

Activates lipolysis, thermogenesis

110
Q

D1 effect on smooth muscle

A

Post synaptic location, dilates renal, mesenteric, coronary, and cerebral blood vessels

111
Q

D2 effect on nerve endings

A

Pre synaptic, modulates transmitter release, nausea and vomiting

Physiology (25 decks)

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