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Physiology > CNS Part 3 > Flashcards

CNS Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Special senses vs somatosensory differences in receptors

A

Special- high density of receptors in target organ, discrete travel and bundle processing

Somatosensory- diffuse pattern, covers a large field

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2
Q

Same second messengers can have __ responses based on cell

A

Different

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3
Q

Sensory receptors transduce enviro changes into electronic signals. Connect to __ __ neurons which relay info via __ __ to brain and spinal cord. __ __ neuron cell bodies housed in __ __ and __ __ __

A

Primary afferrent
Action potentials
Primary afferrent, dorsal root, cranial nerve ganglia

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4
Q

Cranial nerve ganglia have a __ process that extends dismally within a __ __ to sensory receptors, and a __ __ that enters the spinal cord or brain through a __ __ or __ __

A

Peripheral, peripheral nerve

Central process, dorsal root or cranial nerve

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5
Q

Each __ __ __ has a specific cutaneous field

T4 Dermatome innervated by

A

DRG

T4 DRG

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6
Q

Exteroceptive info: interaction of __ with the __

2 types

A

Skin, enviro

Fine discriminatory touch and pain/temp

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7
Q

Fine discrim touch powered by 2

Pain and temp powered by 2

A

A alpha and a beta

A delta and c (fast and slow pain )

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8
Q

Proprioceptive info: body and limb position informing ___

Receptors in __, __, and __

A

Movement

Joints, muscles, tendons

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9
Q

Enteroceptive info: __ __ of the body. Ex __ in __ or __

A

Internal status

Stretch, bladder, gut

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10
Q

One thing all sensory receptors (thermal, chemical, pain, etc) is stimuli causes what

A

Changing membrane permeability to get action potential

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11
Q

Receptor potentials can change by 5

A

Mechanical, chemical, temp, electromagnetic radiation, pain

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12
Q

Process same for all receptor potentials when get to what level

A

Action potential

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13
Q

Sensory receptors will adapt either __ or __ to __ stimulation by a variety of mechanisms

A

Partially or completely, constant

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14
Q

Mechanosensitive afferrent fibers __ __ __ or __ __

A

Tactile fibers fast

Slow adaptation

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15
Q

Type I mechanoreceptive afferrent fibers have __ receptive field. Higher density of these fibers leads to better __ __ discrimination
Type II fibers have a ___ receptive field

A

Small, two point

Large

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16
Q

If a pin pricks finger what would type I vs type II tell you

A

Type I- exactly where prick is

II- something stabbing your finger but can’t tell where

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17
Q

Fast adapting: get message __ at first and stop __ with time

Slow adapting is ___

A

Loudly, firing

Opposite

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18
Q

What kind of fibers are:
Meisner corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles

A

Fast adapting 1

Fast adapting 2

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19
Q

What kind of fibers are merkels disks and ruffini endings

A

Slow adapting 1 and slow adapting 2`

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20
Q

More receptors leads to a ___ image

A

Clearer

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21
Q

Receptor potential vs stimulus intensity is a ___ patterned chart because can’t sense change above ___

A

Curved not linear

100%

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22
Q

Spatial location: __ of neurons within a __ __

A

Population, receptive feel

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23
Q

Stimulus intensity: frequency of __, __ of sensory receptors involved

A

Action potential, number

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24
Q

Stimulus frequency: ___ interval

A

Inter stimulus

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25
Q

Each nerve tract ___ at a specific point in the CNS and carries a selective sensory modality. (Pain and mechanoreceptors not carried by same tract)

A

Terminates

26
Q

Sensation is perceived when a specific stimulated __ leads to specific __ in the CNS. Ex separate dedicated cell populations in __ and __ __

A

Nerve, areas

Thalamus, somatosensory cortex

27
Q

Alteration of the specific nerve tracts activity will only change the __ of the stimulus (___) vs changing the __ of stimulus perceived (__)

A

Intensity, quantitative, type, qualitative

28
Q

Dorsal column medial leminiscal

  1. Highly __ touch
  2. __ sensations (__ gradation of intensity)
  3. __ sensations (__)
  4. __ contact sensation
  5. __ position
  6. __ sensations
A
  1. Localized
  2. Touch, fine
  3. Phasic, vibratory
  4. Skin
  5. Joint
  6. Pressure
29
Q

DCML
Composed of __ __ fibers transmitting signals at __-__m/sec
__ spatial orientation

A

Large myelinated, 30-110, more

30
Q

Anterolateral (spinothalamic) system

  1. __
  2. ___ sensations
  3. __ touch and ___
  4. __ and __
  5. ___ sensations
A 
Pain
Thermal
Crude, pressure
Tickle and itch 
Sexual
31
Q

Spinothalamic system composed of ___ __ fibers carrying signals at __m/sec

__ spatial orientation

A

Smaller myelinated, 40

Less

32
Q

DCML
Transmits signals __ to the __ via the __ columns in the spinal cord.

Signals synapse in __ __ nuclei

A

Upward, medulla, dorsal

Dorsal column

33
Q

DCML
Where lower body and leg synapses

Where upper body and arm synapses

A

Nucleus gracilis

Nucleus cuneatus

34
Q

DCML steps

  1. Transmits signal to ___
  2. Signals synapse in __ __ __
  3. 2nd order neuron axons then __ __ side of medulla and project to the __ via the __ __ (__, __)
A
  1. Medulla
  2. Dorsal column nuclei
  3. Cross opposite, thalamus, medial lemniscus (pons, midbrain)
35
Q

Spinothalamic

  1. Enters the spinal cord from the __ __ __ _ and synapses in the __ __
  2. Cross to the __ cord
  3. Travel upward through __ and __ __ columns
  4. Tracts terminate at all levels of __ __ __ and __
A
  1. Dorsal spinal nerve roots, dorsal horns
  2. Contra lateral
  3. Anterior and lateral white
  4. Lower brain stem, thalamus
36
Q

Which can be modulated by anesthesia more, DCML or spinothalamic

A

Spinothalamic

37
Q

Somatosensory pathways in __ __ are where signals help us determine __ signal is __ __

Some areas have a __ field and many signals, __ space dedicated to them in ___

A

Post central gyrus, where, coming from

Large, larger, trunk

38
Q

___ pathway allows us to have conscious awareness of body movements and local ___

These pathways carry both __ and __ info to __ and __ __

A

Spine cerebellar, reflexes

Cutaneous, proprioceptive, cerebellum, spinal cord

39
Q

A delta (__, __ __ pain) and C fibers (__, __, __ localized) synapse in the __ matter of the __ __ of spinal cord

A

Fast, well localized
Slow, dull, less
Gray
Dorsal horn

40
Q

A delta synapses at lamina __, __, and __

C synapses at lamina __ and __

A

I, V, X

I, II

41
Q

Central pain pathways 3

A

Spinothalamic
Spinoreticular
Spinomesencephalic

42
Q

Dorsal column nuclei: __ order neurons

In the __. The dorsal column __ contain these neurons.

A

Second

Medulla, nuclei

43
Q

Diff between dorsal column neurons and primary afferrent neurons:

  • receptive fields yield __ area (__ primary afferrent fibers synapse on__ dorsal column neuron)
  • several types of __ __ neurons (diff modalities) __ on the __ __ __ allowing greater __ in sensory responses
  • dorsal column neurons often modulated by __ __ that provide __ to the served receptive fields
A
  • Greater, multiple
  • primary afferrent, converge, second order neurons, diversity
  • adjacent interneurons, inhibition
44
Q

Thalamus: __ order neurons

  • these project to __ __
  • __ receptive field
  • __ and __ circuits
  • __ __ cycle and __ influence excitability
  • __ and __ have high somatotopic organization
A

Third

  • somatosensory cortex
  • small
  • inhibitory and excitatory
  • sleep wake, anesthesia
  • Vpl, vpm
45
Q

Behavior (reflective and voluntary muscle movement or glandular secretion) is triggered by ___ neurons which activate __ neurons

A

Central, motor

46
Q

Upper motor neurons __ synapse on lower motor neurons __ __ or __ __ whose axons leave CNS to affect periphery

A

Brain, spinal cord or anterior root

47
Q

Supplementary motor areas help with what

A

Fine coordinated movements, complex and require more stim

Posture, vocalization, bilateral movements

48
Q

Premotor area involved in __ __ and have __ neurons which help do what

A

Complex movement

Mirror neurons- mimic what you see someone else doing

49
Q

Consulate motor areas. __ stimulus needed, imp in __

A

Stronger, coordination

50
Q

Cerebellum: essential for __, highly __ muscle movements. And for __ of movement. Makes __ adjustments to movement. ___ __, learns from mistakes

A

Complex, coordinated
Sequencing, corrective
Muscle memory

51
Q

Basal ganglia include __ __, __, __ __, __ __, and __ nucleus

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Substantia Nigra 
Subthalamic nucleus
52
Q

Basal ganglia don’t receive input from _ _ but do receive direct input from __ __ via the __

A

Spinal cord

Cerebral cortex, thalamus

53
Q

Basal ganglia: lesions here produce __ __ and __

A

Abnormal movement and posture

54
Q

Motor neurons controlling somatic musculature form a column of cells in the __ __ of spinal cord

A

Ventral horn

55
Q

Interneurons communicating between __ __, descending motor axons from brain, and primary ___ are located __/__ horn unless they supply axial muscles then __ ventral horn

A

Motor neurons
Affarents, intermediate/lateral
Medial

56
Q

Corticospinal tract

__ cells send signals at __m/sec

A

Betz, 70

57
Q

Upper motor neurons propagate in __ parts of brain depending on __

A

Different, tract

58
Q

Memory storage via increased __ of synapses between neurons following previous neural activity

Habituation is what

A

Sensitivity

How we forget things

59
Q

What is facilitation

What is declarative and skill memory

A

Keeping memories

Memory of time and place, interactions

Muscle memory

60
Q

Short term memory
Lasts a few __ to __
Reverberating circuit- __ circuit if awareness not __ on it

A

Seconds, minutes

Lose, focused

61
Q

Intermediate long term memory
Lasts __ to __
Habitiuation: progressive __ __ closure
Facilitation: __ released, activates receptor, activates second messenger __, activates a __ that Inactivates a __ channel in min to weeks, prolonged __ __ with large amounts of __ released

A 
Minutes to weeks 
Calcium channel
Serotonin, 
Camp, kinase, k 
Action potential, calcium
62
Q

Long term memory
__ strengthening
1. Increase in vesicle __ sites for secretion of __
2. Increase in number of __ __ released
3. Increase in number of __ __
4. Changes in structures of __ __ that permit transmission of __ signals
__ of memory

A 
Synaptic 
Release, transmitter 
Transmitter vesicles 
Presynaptic 
Dendritic spines, stronger
Consolidation

Physiology (25 decks)

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