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Physiology > Endocrine 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Growth hormone
Exterts effects __ on almost __ tissues

Increases __ __, __, and __

A

Directly, all

Cell size, mitosis, differentiation

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2
Q

GH
Increases __ __
Increased __ of __ __ for energy
Decreased __ utilization

A

Protein synthesis
Mobilization, fatty acid
Glucose

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3
Q

GH

Enhances body __, uses up __ stores, and conserves __

A

Protein,
Fat,
Carbs

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4
Q

GH

Enhances almost all facets of __ __ uptake and __ synthesis by cells which also reduced the ___ of proteins

A

Amino acid, protein, breakdown

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5
Q

GH protein alteration with __ __ __ has many metabolic actions

A

Insulin growth factor

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6
Q

GH regulation
Peaks when
Drones __% at old age
Stim cased by what: 6

A

Adolescence
25%
Starvation (esp protein), hypoglycemia/low FA in blood, exercise, excitement, trauma, gherkin hormone secreted before meals by stomach

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7
Q

GH reg
Hypothalamus secretes ___ which causes __ __ to make GH
Stomach releases __ which also increases GH

A

GHRH, pituitary gland

Ghrelin

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8
Q

Hypothalamus releases __ which decreases GH output

A

GHIH/Somatostatin

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9
Q

Liver secretes ___ which decreases GH output how

A

IGF 1, increases GHIH

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10
Q

Anti insulin actions: 2

A

Increased lipolysis

Increased blood sugar (carb metabolism)

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11
Q

IGFs by liver has __ actions on skeleton and extraskeletal, what these are

A

Indirect

Skeletal: inc cartilage and skeletal growth

Extra: inc protein synth, cell growth, proliferation

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12
Q

IGFs feedback to __ __ to inhibit __ release and stim ___ release

Overall effect

A

GHRH, GHGIG, inhibits GH release overall

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13
Q

Thyroxine __ %

Triiodothyronine __ %

A

93

7

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14
Q

Most ___ usually converted to ___

A

Thyroxine, triiodythyronine

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15
Q

Triiodothyronine comp to thyroxine: 3 differences

A

4x as strong
Present in smaller amts
Shorter duration of action

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16
Q

Thyroid gland

Lots of __ filled with ___ made of ___

A

Follicles, colloid, thyroglobulin

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17
Q

Thyroid gland
___ contain thyroid hormones
Lined with __ __ cells that secrete into __

A

Thyroglobulins

Cuboidal epithelial, follicles

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18
Q

On entering blood ___% of TH hormones combine w plasma proteins

Proteins synthesized by ___

A

99

Liver

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19
Q

TH

They combine with: 3

A

Thyroxine binding globulin
Thyroxine binding prealbumin
Albumin

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20
Q

TH actions
Receptors attached to __ __ __ or located near them

TH receptor usually forms a __ with __ __ receptor at specific what on dna

A

DNA genetic strands

Heterodimer, retinoid x

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21
Q

Heterodimer binding of TH ___ receptor and initiates __ process
Then large #s of ___ formed then ___ by ribosomes to make new __

A

Activates, transcription

Mrnas, proteins

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22
Q

Thyroid hormones increase __ and __

Trh decreases ___ which decreases __

A

TRH and TSH

TSH, thyroid hormones

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23
Q

Major regulatory step in TH reg

A

TSH release by anterior pituitary

24
Q

Hypothalamus releases ___ which causes ant pituitary to release ___ which causes thyroid gland to release __ and __

A

TRH, TSH, T4, T3

25
Q

T4 and T3 reach target tissues, which release what and and how negative feedback works

A

Releases T3 to target tissues

Releases iodinase which decreases TSH release in ant pituitary through T3

26
Q

Adrenal gland
Has a __ and a __
Medulla makes __

A

Cortex and medulla

Catecholamines

27
Q

Cortex of adrenal glands makes which 2 major hormones and which minor one

A

Mineralocorticoids and corticosteroids

Androgenic hormones

28
Q

Main trigger for aldosterone release

A

Low volume

29
Q 
Hypovolemia:
Stim \_\_\_ release
Which leads to \_\_\_\_ 
Which leads to \_\_ rel 
Leads to \_\_\_ and \_\_\_ increase in blood, \_\_ out of blood
A

Renin
Ang II
Aldosterone
Na and Cl, K back to cell

30
Q

Hyperkalemia:

Leads to ___ release which stim which what

A

Aldosterone, K back into cell Na back into blood

31
Q

Aldosterone causes __ secreted into tubules in exchange for __ reabsorption into principal cells of renal collecting tubules

A

K, Na

32
Q

Aldosterone
Causes secretion of __ ions in exchange for sodium in the ___ cells of the __ collecting tubules
This decreases __ concentration in ECF, causing __ __

A

H, intercalated, cortical

H ion, metabolic alkalosis

33
Q

___ causes release of cortisol. Message comes from ___ r/t stress or circadian rhythm

Its a ___ type of hormone

A

ACTH
Brain
Catabolic

34
Q

Cortisol feedback:

A

Long loop negative feedback

35
Q

Cortisol release: circadian and stress: ___ released by hypothalamus. Causes ___ release by ant pituitary. Leads to ___ released by adrenal cortex

A

CRH
ACTH
Cortisol

36
Q

Cortisol causes what 4 main changes metabolically

A

Suppresses immune function
Gluconeogenesis in liver
Protein catabolism by muscle
Lipolysis in adipose tissue

37
Q

Cortisol release in blood inhibits __ __ and ___ from releasing ___ hormone

A

Ant pituitary, hypothalamus

Stimulating

38
Q

How cortisol effects immunity and thermoregulatory centers

A

Decreases mediators of inflammation
Decreases release of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages (which are the ones that stimulate thermoregulatory centers to cause fever)

39
Q

__-__% of cortisol in plasma binds to plasma proteins

3 proteins it binds to

Half life

A

90-95%

Cortisol binding globulin, transcortin, to lesser extent albumin

60-90 minutes

40
Q

Aldosterone
__% combines w plasma proteins
Half life

A

60%

Short, 20 min

41
Q

Aldosterone

How its transported in ECF

Binding of adrenal steroids to plasma proteins serves what purpose

A

Combined and free forms
(Not all reaches target tissue)

Reservoir to lessen rapid fluctuations in free hormone

42
Q

___% ca ionized, ____% protein bound

A

50

40

43
Q

Ionized calcium concentration

A

1.2 mmol/l or 2.4 meq/L

44
Q

Which ca form most important for functions in body (including cardiac, NS, and bone form)

A

Ionic

45
Q

Calcium drugs are in which form and why

A

Non ionic in order to cross lipid bilayer of cell membrane

46
Q

Vitamin d converted from ___ in skin to ____ by liver to ___ by kidney

A

D3, 25, 1,25

47
Q

How vitamin d and calcium linked

A

Vitamin d helps calcium absorption into intestines

48
Q

PTH effects 3

A

Causes bone to release Ca
Causes kidneys to conserve Ca
Causes intestines to absorb ca

49
Q

How ca absorbed into intestinal epithelium

A

Calcium binding protein
Ca stimulated ATPase
Alkaline phosphatase

50
Q

How pth regulates Ca in body (modes) 3

A

Intestinal reabsorption
Decreases Ca excretion and increases phosphate excretion by kidneys
Causes exchange between ECF and bone of ions

51
Q

Excess activity of PTH causes what

A

Rapid absorption of ca salts from bones with resultant hypercalcemia in ECF

52
Q

Hypofunction of pth causes what

A

Hypocalcemia, tetany

53
Q

What is the receptor in parathyroid

A

Ca sensitive receptor, CaSR

54
Q 
Calcitonin
\_\_\_ hormone secreted by what
Increased what stimulates its release
Opposite effect of what 
Role of it is \_\_ than what
A

Peptide, thyroid gland
Increase plasma Ca conc
PTH
Less than pth

55
Q 
ADH 
Is a \_\_\_ 
Increases \_\_\_ of CD to water
Most water reabsorbed as \_\_ fluid passes ducts 
Produces \_\_ urine
A

Polypeptide
Permeability
Tubular
Concentrated

56
Q

What activates aquaporins, allows what

A

PKA, allows channel to be permeable to water

57
Q

ADH leads to direct ___ of vessels

What leads to its release

A

Vasoconstriction

Baroreceptors in brain

Physiology (25 decks)

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