Endocrine 2 Flashcards
Growth hormone
Exterts effects __ on almost __ tissues
Increases __ __, __, and __
Directly, all
Cell size, mitosis, differentiation
GH
Increases __ __
Increased __ of __ __ for energy
Decreased __ utilization
Protein synthesis
Mobilization, fatty acid
Glucose
GH
Enhances body __, uses up __ stores, and conserves __
Protein,
Fat,
Carbs
GH
Enhances almost all facets of __ __ uptake and __ synthesis by cells which also reduced the ___ of proteins
Amino acid, protein, breakdown
GH protein alteration with __ __ __ has many metabolic actions
Insulin growth factor
GH regulation
Peaks when
Drones __% at old age
Stim cased by what: 6
Adolescence
25%
Starvation (esp protein), hypoglycemia/low FA in blood, exercise, excitement, trauma, gherkin hormone secreted before meals by stomach
GH reg
Hypothalamus secretes ___ which causes __ __ to make GH
Stomach releases __ which also increases GH
GHRH, pituitary gland
Ghrelin
Hypothalamus releases __ which decreases GH output
GHIH/Somatostatin
Liver secretes ___ which decreases GH output how
IGF 1, increases GHIH
Anti insulin actions: 2
Increased lipolysis
Increased blood sugar (carb metabolism)
IGFs by liver has __ actions on skeleton and extraskeletal, what these are
Indirect
Skeletal: inc cartilage and skeletal growth
Extra: inc protein synth, cell growth, proliferation
IGFs feedback to __ __ to inhibit __ release and stim ___ release
Overall effect
GHRH, GHGIG, inhibits GH release overall
Thyroxine __ %
Triiodothyronine __ %
93
7
Most ___ usually converted to ___
Thyroxine, triiodythyronine
Triiodothyronine comp to thyroxine: 3 differences
4x as strong
Present in smaller amts
Shorter duration of action
Thyroid gland
Lots of __ filled with ___ made of ___
Follicles, colloid, thyroglobulin
Thyroid gland
___ contain thyroid hormones
Lined with __ __ cells that secrete into __
Thyroglobulins
Cuboidal epithelial, follicles
On entering blood ___% of TH hormones combine w plasma proteins
Proteins synthesized by ___
99
Liver
TH
They combine with: 3
Thyroxine binding globulin
Thyroxine binding prealbumin
Albumin
TH actions
Receptors attached to __ __ __ or located near them
TH receptor usually forms a __ with __ __ receptor at specific what on dna
DNA genetic strands
Heterodimer, retinoid x
Heterodimer binding of TH ___ receptor and initiates __ process
Then large #s of ___ formed then ___ by ribosomes to make new __
Activates, transcription
Mrnas, proteins
Thyroid hormones increase __ and __
Trh decreases ___ which decreases __
TRH and TSH
TSH, thyroid hormones
Major regulatory step in TH reg
TSH release by anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus releases ___ which causes ant pituitary to release ___ which causes thyroid gland to release __ and __
TRH, TSH, T4, T3
T4 and T3 reach target tissues, which release what and and how negative feedback works
Releases T3 to target tissues
Releases iodinase which decreases TSH release in ant pituitary through T3
Adrenal gland
Has a __ and a __
Medulla makes __
Cortex and medulla
Catecholamines
Cortex of adrenal glands makes which 2 major hormones and which minor one
Mineralocorticoids and corticosteroids
Androgenic hormones
Main trigger for aldosterone release
Low volume
Hypovolemia: Stim \_\_\_ release Which leads to \_\_\_\_ Which leads to \_\_ rel Leads to \_\_\_ and \_\_\_ increase in blood, \_\_ out of blood
Renin
Ang II
Aldosterone
Na and Cl, K back to cell
Hyperkalemia:
Leads to ___ release which stim which what
Aldosterone, K back into cell Na back into blood
Aldosterone causes __ secreted into tubules in exchange for __ reabsorption into principal cells of renal collecting tubules
K, Na
Aldosterone
Causes secretion of __ ions in exchange for sodium in the ___ cells of the __ collecting tubules
This decreases __ concentration in ECF, causing __ __
H, intercalated, cortical
H ion, metabolic alkalosis
___ causes release of cortisol. Message comes from ___ r/t stress or circadian rhythm
Its a ___ type of hormone
ACTH
Brain
Catabolic
Cortisol feedback:
Long loop negative feedback
Cortisol release: circadian and stress: ___ released by hypothalamus. Causes ___ release by ant pituitary. Leads to ___ released by adrenal cortex
CRH
ACTH
Cortisol
Cortisol causes what 4 main changes metabolically
Suppresses immune function
Gluconeogenesis in liver
Protein catabolism by muscle
Lipolysis in adipose tissue
Cortisol release in blood inhibits __ __ and ___ from releasing ___ hormone
Ant pituitary, hypothalamus
Stimulating
How cortisol effects immunity and thermoregulatory centers
Decreases mediators of inflammation
Decreases release of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages (which are the ones that stimulate thermoregulatory centers to cause fever)
__-__% of cortisol in plasma binds to plasma proteins
3 proteins it binds to
Half life
90-95%
Cortisol binding globulin, transcortin, to lesser extent albumin
60-90 minutes
Aldosterone
__% combines w plasma proteins
Half life
60%
Short, 20 min
Aldosterone
How its transported in ECF
Binding of adrenal steroids to plasma proteins serves what purpose
Combined and free forms
(Not all reaches target tissue)
Reservoir to lessen rapid fluctuations in free hormone
___% ca ionized, ____% protein bound
50
40
Ionized calcium concentration
1.2 mmol/l or 2.4 meq/L
Which ca form most important for functions in body (including cardiac, NS, and bone form)
Ionic
Calcium drugs are in which form and why
Non ionic in order to cross lipid bilayer of cell membrane
Vitamin d converted from ___ in skin to ____ by liver to ___ by kidney
D3, 25, 1,25
How vitamin d and calcium linked
Vitamin d helps calcium absorption into intestines
PTH effects 3
Causes bone to release Ca
Causes kidneys to conserve Ca
Causes intestines to absorb ca
How ca absorbed into intestinal epithelium
Calcium binding protein
Ca stimulated ATPase
Alkaline phosphatase
How pth regulates Ca in body (modes) 3
Intestinal reabsorption
Decreases Ca excretion and increases phosphate excretion by kidneys
Causes exchange between ECF and bone of ions
Excess activity of PTH causes what
Rapid absorption of ca salts from bones with resultant hypercalcemia in ECF
Hypofunction of pth causes what
Hypocalcemia, tetany
What is the receptor in parathyroid
Ca sensitive receptor, CaSR
Calcitonin \_\_\_ hormone secreted by what Increased what stimulates its release Opposite effect of what Role of it is \_\_ than what
Peptide, thyroid gland
Increase plasma Ca conc
PTH
Less than pth
ADH Is a \_\_\_ Increases \_\_\_ of CD to water Most water reabsorbed as \_\_ fluid passes ducts Produces \_\_ urine
Polypeptide
Permeability
Tubular
Concentrated
What activates aquaporins, allows what
PKA, allows channel to be permeable to water
ADH leads to direct ___ of vessels
What leads to its release
Vasoconstriction
Baroreceptors in brain
