Hematology Flashcards
Thrombosis
Thrombotic event
Formation of an inappropriate clot
Reason for forming a clot other than something from intravascular space moving to extra vascular space
Hypoxia vs ischemia
Hypoxia is decreased o2 tension in tissue
Ischemia is decreased o2 tension in vessel
Half of blood is what
Plasma
Plasma mostly what
7% is what
1% what
Water
Plasma proteins
Solutes
Plasma proteins
60%-
35%- and kinds/what they do
4%-
1%
Albumin (oncotic pressure)
Globulins (IGG, IGM, IGA), transfer ions/hormones/lipids/immunity
Fibrinogen, essential clotting factor (I)
Regulatory proteins
How much of blood sample is actually blood
What is in Buffy coat/percent
45%
1%, platelets and WBC
RBC
__-___ million
____ day life cycle
Shape
4.2-6.2
120
Non-uncleared cytoplasmic disc
Leukocytes
Have ___ unlike red cells
___-___ mm3
___ ___ ___ are ___ in structure even though they are immunocytes
Nucleus 5-10,000
Natural killer cells, granular
Growth factor that controls process of differentiation
G-CSF
PSC releases what for self renewal
Allows it to what
SCF, not rely on environment
Where hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis occurs in
Adults
Embryo
Red marrow in bone marrow
Spleen and liver
Multi lineage cytokines 3
Single lineage cytokines 3
SCF
GM-CSF
IL-6
G/M-CSF
EPO
TPO
Treating with SCF, GM CSF, IL 3, or IL 6 makes a PSC ___ or ___
Myeloid or lymphoid
GM CSF, IL 6, IL 3 lead to 3 kinds of stem cells
Granulocytes-macrophage stem cells
Megakaryocytic stem cells
Erythropoietic stem cells
GM CSF, G CSF, M CSF lead to 2
Granulocyte stem cells
Monocytic stem cells
GM CSF and g CSF LEAD TO 4
Neutrophil
Eosinophils
Basophils/mast cells
GM CSF and M CSF lead to 2
Monocytes and macrophages
TPO leads to 2
Megakaryocytes and platelets
IL 3 and IL 6 lead to 1
Lymphocytes
PSC to erythrocyte
- PSC
- Add ___
- Committed proeryhtrocyte
- Normoblast: ___shrinks/reabsorbed
- ____: leaves marrow and enters blood. No ___
- Erythrocyte
EPO
Nucleus
Reticulocyte, nucleus
Increase in hemoglobin= decrease in ____
Nucleus
Increased reticulocyte % could mean
Destroying cells to quickly
Which vitamin plays role in DNA synthesis and maturation. What deficiency leads to
B12, non functional red cells
___ ___ needed to make HGB
Amino acids
O blood has what on it
Create antibodies against what
H antigen
Blood type that you don’t have
Which blood type doesn’t make antibodies
AB
RH - means what
Rh + means what
No d protein
D protein
Granulocytes mature where
Agranulocyte mature where
Kinds of a granulocytes:
___ leads to ___. ___ leads to __ and __ cells
Bone marrow
Blood stream
Monocytes, macrophages
Lymphocytes, b and T cells
Thrombocytes
7-10 ___ life span
__-___ mm/3
___ can be used to make them, but ___ essential
Day
140,000-340,000
IL6, TPO
Platelets have ___ occurring in cell. Why ___ needed
Has ___ granules and ___ granules
Granules contain functional units for __ ___, active units, and ___ factors
Functions, mitochondria
Alpha, dense
Growth factors, clotting factors
___ granule release has to occur to form a clot
What layer is called to prevent platelet activation
Alpha
Calyx
____ used as indicator in anemia
MCV
Aspiration
Doesn’t indicate ___ of ___
Can dx 4
Efficiency of activity
Anemia, leukemia, platelet disorders, immunoglobulin disorders
Biopsy
Maintains ___ ___
When ___ suggested, ___ marrow, more than 1 __ __ reduced
Cell structure
Tumors, fibrotic, cell type
Pets
Blood cell count compared to adults
__ml/kg full term neonate vs ___ml/kg adult
Higher
85 vs 75
Aged RBC
Life span:
Replaced more ___ because of ___
WBC
___ function decreases with age, due to 2
Platelets are more ____
Normal
Slowly, iron depletion/less absorp/less binding capacity
Lymphocyte, less T cell function and less responsive humoral system
Sticky
Exposure to ___ ___ activates ___
Basement membrane, platelets
___ stick to ___, how we get adhesions (platelets sticking to ___)
GP, VWF, wall
VWF released from where
Subendothelial matrix
Primary hemostasis
2 steps
Platelet plug and vasoconstriction
Secondary hemostasis
Why goes on here, ___ activated
Coagulation cascade, Roman numerals/clotting factors
___ __ formed at end of secondary hemostasis
Tertiary hemostasis
What happens
Blood clot
Fibrinolysis to break down clot
Thrombin starts as ____
Which form in secondary hemostasis, because it is __ by an enzyme
Prothrombin, thrombin, cleaved
Need __ __ to make clotting factors
What affects this
What heparin does
Vitamin k
Warfarin
Blocks factor 10, needed to form clots
Intrinsic arm 4
Extrinsic arm
Endothelium and subendothelial matrix, platelets, clotting factors
Anything released out of this system. Smooth muscle cell damage
___ breaks down ___. Makes ___ which breaks down clot
___ is product of breaking down clot, can be inhibited by ___-1
What shuts down process of plasmin
Tpa, fibrin. Plasmin
FDP, PAI-1
Anti plasmin
