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Organism 1 Finals > Seeds > Flashcards

Seeds Flashcards

1
Q

what is seed

A

structure containing an embryonic plant, nutritive substance and a protective outer coating

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2
Q

what is an embryo

A

an immature plant

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3
Q

what is a seed coat

A

a tough coating protecting the interior of the seed from external environmental conditions

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4
Q

what is the seed coat composed of

A

sclerenchyma cells

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5
Q

what is an endosperm

A

the nutritive substance in the seed that provides energy that germinating seed needs before it can photosynthesize

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6
Q

traits of angiosperm endosperm

A
  • contains stored energy in form of starches, oils and some proteins
  • produced by the comnining of sperm and the central cell of the ovule
  • often a triploid
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7
Q

traits of gymnosperm endosperm

A
  • composed of the remains of the female gametophyte
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8
Q

what is the most common seed type

A

standard dicot seed with cotyledons

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9
Q

what is fertilization

A

the uniting of male and female gametes to produce a diploid zygote

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10
Q

what are the components of fertilization

A

male

female

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11
Q

what is a pollen grain

A

the male gametophyte in all seed plants

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12
Q

how many pollen grains are produces from 1 microspore

A

4

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13
Q

role of generative cell

A

produces 2 sperm cells

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14
Q

role of pollen tube nucleus

A

facilitates growing of the pollen tube

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15
Q

what is steps of pollen grain germination

A
  • growth of pollen tube from pollen cell delivers sperm directly in egg
  • pollen tube nucleus synthesizes materials to allow pollen tube growth
  • generative cell produces sperm one pollen tube reaches micropyle
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16
Q

traits of pollen germination in gymnosperms

A
  • naked seed
  • pollen tube doesnt need to grow large to deliver sperm to egg
  • pollen grains are often winged
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17
Q

what is an egg cell

A

cell which will become the zygote once united with a sperm cell

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18
Q

where is egg cell found

A

in archegonia

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19
Q

what is the role of female gametophyte in gymnosperms

A
  • produces archegonia

- becomes nutritive tissues in gymnosperms

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20
Q

role of integument

A

single layer in gymnosperms
protective coat for the ovule
becomes seed coat

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21
Q

what is micropyle in ovule gymnosperms

A

opening to the ovule

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22
Q

steps of fertilization in gymnosperms

A
  1. 4 megaspored produced through meiosis (one lives)
  2. pollination occurs (before egg cell formation)
  3. surviving female megaspore divides through mitosis and produces multicellular archegonia
  4. archegonia goes through mitosis and produces many egg cells
  5. some species all eggs cells survive others not
  6. fertilization by uniting sperm and egg
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23
Q

what is the difference in pollen in angiosperms from gymnosperms

A

pollen tube must grow down a longer structure

pollen grains in angiosperms are often spherical

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24
Q

what is a synergid in angiosperm ovules

A

2 per ovule

help guide fertilization

25
Q

role of antipodals in angiosperm ovules

A

contribute to endosperm development and growth

26
Q

how is the integument in angiosperm ovules

A

two layers

27
Q

ovule angiosperm includes

A 
egg cell
synergids
polar nuclei
central cell
antipodals
integument
micropyle
28
Q

ovule gymnosperm includes

A

egg cell
female gametophyte
integument
micropyle

29
Q

steps of angiosperm fertilization

A
  1. 4 megaspores produced by meiosis (one lives)
  2. survivng megaspore= female gametophyte
  3. fem gameto undergoes mitoss x3 = 8 daughter cells= parts of the ovule
  4. pollination
  5. sperm and egg unite = fertilization
30
Q

what is double fertilization

A

each pollen cell releases 2 sperm which fertilizes 2 different structures with the ovule

egg cell -> zygote
polar nuclei -> triploid endosperm

31
Q

what happens after fertilization

A

seed development = zygote goes through a complex pattern of development to grow into a seed

32
Q

what are the stages in seed development

A

embryogenesis
maturation
desiccation

33
Q

what is embryogenesis

A

formation of the embryo from the fertilized zygote

34
Q

what are the 4 stages of embryogenesis

A 
globular
heart
torpedo
mature
(aka shapes of embryo)
35
Q

what is maturation

A

when embryo reaches torpedo stage, seed begins to focus on storing nutritious tissues and on formation of endosperm

36
Q

what is desiccation

A

the loss of water in the seed

37
Q

what is seed dormancy

A

delayed germination

38
Q

what are the types of dormancy

A

morphological
chemical
physical

39
Q

what is morphological dormancy

A

seeds are released from the mother plant before they are fully mature

40
Q

what is chemical dormancy

A

chemical signs in the seed prevent germination

seed waits for environmental sign that environment is favorable for germination

41
Q

what is physical dormancy

A

seed coat is resistant to germination or water uptake

seed coat must be worn down to germinate

42
Q

what are recalcitrant seeds

A

seeds with no dormancy mechanism
limited to plants in wt environments
if dried out, they die

43
Q

what are the steps of seed germination

A

imbibition
respiration
growth of the embryo

44
Q

what is imbibition in seed germination

A

seed must uptake water
cellular material absorbs water in the seed and will expand
seed coat will rupture and primary root can emerge

45
Q

what is respiration in seed germination

A

anaerobic respiration is first since no oxygen under soil

needs to convert stored sugars into ATP

46
Q

what is development of embryo axis n seed germination

A

shoot part of embryo begins to swell and emerge from the coat
seedling is produced

47
Q

what is a seedling

A

a young plant sporophyte newly emerged from a seed coat

48
Q

what are structures of the seedling

A 
radicle/primary root
hypocotyl
epicotyl
cotyledons
true leaves
49
Q

what is the radicle

A

first root to emerge from seed

50
Q

what is the hypocotyl

A

stem section between the radicle and the cotyledons

51
Q

what is the epicotyl

A

stem section between cotyledons and true leaves

52
Q

what are true leaves

A

first leaves to emerge from the seedling that actually look like the typical leaves of the plant

53
Q

what are cotyledons

A

specialized structures found in some plants

storage organs

54
Q

cotyledons in monocots

A

one

55
Q

cotyledons in dicots

A

two

56
Q

what are 2 patterns in seed germination

A

hypogeous

epigeous

57
Q

what is hypogeous germination

A

cotyledons remain underground after full germination
hypocotyl remains in the seed coat
epicotyl emerges from seed coat

58
Q

what is the epigeous germination

A

cotyledons emerge from seed coat and are aboveground

hypocotyl emerges first from the seed

Organism 1 Finals (21 decks)

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