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Organism 1 Finals > Microbiome > Flashcards

Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

when did plant-microbe interactions appear

A

fossil evidence suggests its at least 400 million years ago

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2
Q

what is a microbiome

A

combined genomic material of all microbial life interacting with a different multicellular eukaryotic organism

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3
Q

what is a plant microbiome

A

genomes of all organisms which interact with the plant on some level

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4
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

differences between multicellular eukaryotes or unicellular prokaryotes on a genomic level

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5
Q

what is a lateral gene transfer

A

movement of genes between 2 organisms which are not parent/offspring

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6
Q

what is the most common method of gene transfer in bacteria

A

lateral gene transfer

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7
Q

why do bacterial communities swap genes

A

to maximize number of adaptive genes

so 2 individual cells of the same species can differ significantly in the genome

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8
Q

how are microbial communities characterized

A

by their genes and the function of their genes

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9
Q

what are 3 regions of the plant microbiome

A

rhizosphere
phyllosphere
endosphere

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10
Q

what is the rhizosphere

A

microbial activity found below the soil surface

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11
Q

what is a hotspot for microbial activity

A

interface between plant roots and soil

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12
Q

what abiotic factors impact species diversity of microbes in the rhizosphere

A

SOIL

  • salinity
  • type
  • pH
  • structure
  • organic matter
  • disturbace
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13
Q

what biotic factors impact species diversity of microbes in the rhizosphere

A

root exudes
species richness/evenness in microbial community
species richness/evenness in plant community

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14
Q

what are root exudes

A

compounds released by the plant which directly impact microbial acitivity

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15
Q

what are examples of root exudes

A

secondary metabolites
hormones
sugars

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16
Q

what are the indirect beneficial effects of rhizosphere

A

presence of one species suppressing the presence of a pathogenic species or encouraging the presence of a beneficial species

17
Q

what are the direct beneficial impacts of the rhizosphere

A
  • can produce plant hormones that positively influence plant growth
  • can produce enzymes directly linked to a reduction of stress hormones in the plant
  • can facilitate the uptake of minerals
  • can facilitate the uptake of water
  • can be saprophytes (decomposers)
  • can facilitate plant communication and kin support
18
Q

what is the wood wide web

A

mycelial network that can pass nutrients from one individual plant to another

19
Q

what is the plant disease trangle

A

disease severity linked to combination of 3 factors

  • virulence of the pathogen
  • tolerance of the host
  • environmental conditions
20
Q

what are environmental conditions impacts

A

can favor pathogen propagation

can limit defense response in host

21
Q

what is hypovirulence

A

when virus slows down the growth of a fungus

reduced growth of the fungus allows the host plant to fight off the infection

22
Q

traits of host tolerance

A
  • genetically linked

- modulated by the presence of specific soil microbiota

23
Q

direct effects of host tolerance

A

soil microbiota can secrete compounds which help increase the defence response in a plant and can induce plant systemic resistance
acts like an extended immune system

24
Q

indirect effects of host tolernace

A
  • microbes fight each other
  • greater species richness in rhizosphere = fewer individual cells of a pathogenic species
  • high species diversity in microbial communities linked to low disease incidence in plants
25
Q

what is the phyllosphere

A

the microbial community in the aerial part of the plant

26
Q

what changing environmental conditions is the phyllosphere exposed to

A

temperature extremes
dry and wet
uv light

27
Q

where do many important plant pathogens enter the plant

A

through the arial shoot tissue

28
Q

how does nitrogen fixation take place in certain species

A

through leaf bacteria

29
Q

what is phenol

A

a common harmful airborne polluant released by cars and incinerators

30
Q

where is phenol mostly fixed

A

in leaves with intact bacterial communities

31
Q

what is the endosphere

A

microbial activity within the plant, beneath the epidermal layer

32
Q

how do microbiomes enter host plant

A
  • energy expenditure by the microbe to pass the epidermis

- open wounds in the epidermis of the host allowing passive entry

33
Q

how do microbial endophytes spread once inside the plant

A

through the vasculature

Organism 1 Finals (21 decks)

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