Cells

Question 1

what feature do only plant cells have

Answer 1

• plastids
• vacuole
• cell wall

Question 2

what are plastids

Answer 2

the remains of a cyanobacterium engulfed through endosymbiosis

Question 3

how are plastids inherited in cells

Answer 3

from a single parent

Question 4

what is special about plastids

Answer 4

they have their own dna
it is circular
they are semi-autonomous so they can synthesize some proteins

Question 5

what are the types of plastids

Answer 5

plastids containing chloroplasts
chromoplasts
leucoplasts

Question 6

what is the chloroplast

Answer 6

the site of photosynthesis

Question 7

what are the pigments in the chloroplasts

Answer 7

chlorophyll

carotenoids

Question 8

what are thylakoids

Answer 8

membrane bound compartment inside the chloroplast

pigments are embedded in its membrane

Question 9

what are grana

Answer 9

stacks of thylakoids

the site of light reactions of photosynthesis

Question 10

what is the stroma

Answer 10

the aqueous liquid inside the chloroplast

Question 11

what is cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 11

chloroplasts move through the cytoplasm and orient themselves to maximize or minimize light exposure

Question 12

what are actin filaments

Answer 12

filaments that connect chloroplasts and other organelles

Question 13

what is the role of myosin molecules

Answer 13

to pull the chloroplasts along the actin filaments

Question 14

what induces cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 14

temperature
light
pH

Question 15

what are chromoplasts

Answer 15

pigmented plastids that dont contain chlorophyll

Question 16

what pigment is found in chromoplasts

Answer 16

carotenoid

Question 17

what is the role of chromoplasts

Answer 17

attract pollinators or animals that help seed dispersal

absorb excess energy from chloroplasts during photosynthesis

Question 18

what are leucoplasts

Answer 18

plastids with no pigments or internal membranes

Question 19

what is the role of leucoplasts

Answer 19

storage

Question 20

What are all plastids derived from

Answer 20

proplastids

Question 21

what is special about plastid differentiation

Answer 21

it is not permanent

plastids can change between types

Question 22

what is a vacuole

Answer 22

fluid filled organelle surrounded by a single membrane

Question 23

what is the name of the vacuoles membrane

Answer 23

tonoplast

Question 24

what is the largest component in the plant cell

Answer 24

the vacuole

Question 25

what is special about the vacuole

Answer 25

it presses the rest of the cytoplasm into a layer along the cell wall

Question 26

what is the role of the vacuole in the plant

Answer 26

store a wide range of compounds and functions

Question 27

what are the general functions of the vacuole

Answer 27

- ion, sugar or water storage - increase cell size/structure - sequestration of toxins - recycling organelles - pigments

Question 28

how does the vacuole increase the cell size/structure

Answer 28

through turgor and hydrostatic pressure

Question 29

what are the types of ions stored in the vacuole

Answer 29

Ca2+ Na+ Cl- K+

Question 30

can vacuoles synthesize compounds

Answer 30

no

Question 31

how do vacuoles acquire compounds

Answer 31

they are moved across the tonoplast membrane to the cell sap by a variety of pumps, transporters and channels

Question 32

what is turgor pressure

Answer 32

the force of the vacuole on the inside of the cell

Question 33

what is the role of turgor pressure

Answer 33

to maintain cell rigidity along the cell wall

Question 34

what is hypertonic

Answer 34

when water leaves the cell

Question 35

what is isotonic

Answer 35

a cell with normal amount of water

Question 36

what is hypertonic

Answer 36

when there is too much water in the cell

Question 37

what causes water to flow in and out of the cell

Answer 37

osmosis

Question 38

why are toxic compounds stored in the vacuole

Answer 38

to separate them from parts of the plant it would harm

Question 39

how are toxins absorbed in the plant

Answer 39

through the roots

Question 40

how are most heavy metals and salts stored in the plant

Answer 40

in the roots

Question 41

how can toxin storage be a plant defence

Answer 41

when vacuole is broken by being eaten, it releases its toxins

Question 42

what is autophagy

Answer 42

the disposal and recycling of worn out organelles

Question 43

what are the functions of the cell wall

Answer 43

- cell shape - constrains expansion of protoplasts - permits creation of turgor pressure - defends against fungus and bacteria

Question 44

what is the cell wall composed of

Answer 44

- primary wall - secondary wall - middle lamella

Question 45

what is the primary wall composed of

Answer 45

cellulose hemicellulose pectins

Question 46

what does the primary wall sometimes contain

Answer 46

lignin suberin cutin

Question 47

what is cellulose

Answer 47

a linear chain of hundreds/thousands of linked glucose units

Question 48

what is the most abundant macromolecule on earth

Answer 48

cellulose

Question 49

does cellulose have very high energy

Answer 49

yes

Question 50

what is hemicellulose

Answer 50

a random amorphous structure | hydrogen bonded to cellulose microfibrils

Question 51

what is the role of hemicellulose

Answer 51

limit extensibility of the cell wall tethering adjacent microfibrils to each other regulate cell expansion

Question 52

what are pectins

Answer 52

highly hydrophilic polysaccharides

Question 53

where are pectins found

Answer 53

in primary cell wall and in the middle lamella

Question 54

what is the role of pectins

Answer 54

pliability of the cell

Question 55

what is the role of the middle lamella

Answer 55

joins adjacent cells

Question 56

what is the middle lamella mainly composed of

Answer 56

pectins

Question 57

what bisects the middle lamella

Answer 57

plasmodesmata

Question 58

what is plasmodesmata

Answer 58

passages across the cell wall that lets cytoplasm from adjacent cells connect

Question 59

what is the role of plasmodesmata

Answer 59

to allow material to pass from cell to cell

Question 60

when do we find a secondary cell wall

Answer 60

in cells with strengthening function or role in water support

Question 61

what is in the secondary cell wall

Answer 61

cellulose

Question 62

what are the layers of the secondary cell wall

Answer 62

S1 : outer S2: middle S3: inner