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Organism 1 Finals > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what feature do only plant cells have

A
  • plastids
  • vacuole
  • cell wall
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2
Q

what are plastids

A

the remains of a cyanobacterium engulfed through endosymbiosis

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3
Q

how are plastids inherited in cells

A

from a single parent

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4
Q

what is special about plastids

A

they have their own dna
it is circular
they are semi-autonomous so they can synthesize some proteins

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5
Q

what are the types of plastids

A

plastids containing chloroplasts
chromoplasts
leucoplasts

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6
Q

what is the chloroplast

A

the site of photosynthesis

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7
Q

what are the pigments in the chloroplasts

A

chlorophyll

carotenoids

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8
Q

what are thylakoids

A

membrane bound compartment inside the chloroplast

pigments are embedded in its membrane

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9
Q

what are grana

A

stacks of thylakoids

the site of light reactions of photosynthesis

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10
Q

what is the stroma

A

the aqueous liquid inside the chloroplast

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11
Q

what is cytoplasmic streaming

A

chloroplasts move through the cytoplasm and orient themselves to maximize or minimize light exposure

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12
Q

what are actin filaments

A

filaments that connect chloroplasts and other organelles

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13
Q

what is the role of myosin molecules

A

to pull the chloroplasts along the actin filaments

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14
Q

what induces cytoplasmic streaming

A

temperature
light
pH

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15
Q

what are chromoplasts

A

pigmented plastids that dont contain chlorophyll

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16
Q

what pigment is found in chromoplasts

A

carotenoid

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17
Q

what is the role of chromoplasts

A

attract pollinators or animals that help seed dispersal

absorb excess energy from chloroplasts during photosynthesis

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18
Q

what are leucoplasts

A

plastids with no pigments or internal membranes

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19
Q

what is the role of leucoplasts

A

storage

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20
Q

What are all plastids derived from

A

proplastids

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21
Q

what is special about plastid differentiation

A

it is not permanent

plastids can change between types

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22
Q

what is a vacuole

A

fluid filled organelle surrounded by a single membrane

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23
Q

what is the name of the vacuoles membrane

A

tonoplast

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24
Q

what is the largest component in the plant cell

A

the vacuole

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25
Q

what is special about the vacuole

A

it presses the rest of the cytoplasm into a layer along the cell wall

26
Q

what is the role of the vacuole in the plant

A

store a wide range of compounds and functions

27
Q

what are the general functions of the vacuole

A
  • ion, sugar or water storage
  • increase cell size/structure
  • sequestration of toxins
  • recycling organelles
  • pigments
28
Q

how does the vacuole increase the cell size/structure

A

through turgor and hydrostatic pressure

29
Q

what are the types of ions stored in the vacuole

A

Ca2+
Na+
Cl-
K+

30
Q

can vacuoles synthesize compounds

A

no

31
Q

how do vacuoles acquire compounds

A

they are moved across the tonoplast membrane to the cell sap by a variety of pumps, transporters and channels

32
Q

what is turgor pressure

A

the force of the vacuole on the inside of the cell

33
Q

what is the role of turgor pressure

A

to maintain cell rigidity along the cell wall

34
Q

what is hypertonic

A

when water leaves the cell

35
Q

what is isotonic

A

a cell with normal amount of water

36
Q

what is hypertonic

A

when there is too much water in the cell

37
Q

what causes water to flow in and out of the cell

A

osmosis

38
Q

why are toxic compounds stored in the vacuole

A

to separate them from parts of the plant it would harm

39
Q

how are toxins absorbed in the plant

A

through the roots

40
Q

how are most heavy metals and salts stored in the plant

A

in the roots

41
Q

how can toxin storage be a plant defence

A

when vacuole is broken by being eaten, it releases its toxins

42
Q

what is autophagy

A

the disposal and recycling of worn out organelles

43
Q

what are the functions of the cell wall

A
  • cell shape
  • constrains expansion of protoplasts
  • permits creation of turgor pressure
  • defends against fungus and bacteria
44
Q

what is the cell wall composed of

A
  • primary wall
  • secondary wall
  • middle lamella
45
Q

what is the primary wall composed of

A

cellulose
hemicellulose
pectins

46
Q

what does the primary wall sometimes contain

A

lignin
suberin
cutin

47
Q

what is cellulose

A

a linear chain of hundreds/thousands of linked glucose units

48
Q

what is the most abundant macromolecule on earth

A

cellulose

49
Q

does cellulose have very high energy

A

yes

50
Q

what is hemicellulose

A

a random amorphous structure

hydrogen bonded to cellulose microfibrils

51
Q

what is the role of hemicellulose

A

limit extensibility of the cell wall tethering adjacent microfibrils to each other
regulate cell expansion

52
Q

what are pectins

A

highly hydrophilic polysaccharides

53
Q

where are pectins found

A

in primary cell wall and in the middle lamella

54
Q

what is the role of pectins

A

pliability of the cell

55
Q

what is the role of the middle lamella

A

joins adjacent cells

56
Q

what is the middle lamella mainly composed of

A

pectins

57
Q

what bisects the middle lamella

A

plasmodesmata

58
Q

what is plasmodesmata

A

passages across the cell wall that lets cytoplasm from adjacent cells connect

59
Q

what is the role of plasmodesmata

A

to allow material to pass from cell to cell

60
Q

when do we find a secondary cell wall

A

in cells with strengthening function or role in water support

61
Q

what is in the secondary cell wall

A

cellulose

62
Q

what are the layers of the secondary cell wall

A

S1 : outer
S2: middle
S3: inner

Organism 1 Finals (21 decks)

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