Leaves

Question 1

what is the shoot

Answer 1

combination of the stem and the leaf

multicellular part of the plant containing vasculature

Question 2

what is the shoot responsible for

Answer 2

conductance of water, minerals and photosynthesis
photosynthesis
gas exchange

Question 3

what is the stem

Answer 3

multicellular structure supporting the leaves

Question 4

what does the stem consist of

Answer 4

epidermal tissues
ground tissues
vascular tissues

Question 5

what are the functions of the stem

Answer 5

support

cinductance

Question 6

what supports leaves

Answer 6

the stem

helps maximize exposure to leaf surfaces to sunlight

Question 7

what is conductance in the stem

Answer 7

water transported from the roots to the leaves through the xylem and the stem

sugar produced in the leaves transported through the phloem

Question 8

what are 3 cell types in the stem

Answer 8

dermal tissue
ground tissue
vascular tissue

Question 9

what are 3 cellular organizations in stems

Answer 9

woody
monocot
dicot

Question 10

characteristic of woody stems

Answer 10

vasc is organized in a ring like structure called a vasc cylinder

Question 11

characteristic of dicot herbaceous stem

Answer 11

discreet vasc bundles collected into a ring

Question 12

what is a vasc bundle

Answer 12

xylem and phloem together

Question 13

characteristics of monocot herbaceous stems

Answer 13

scattered vascular bundles throughout the ground tissues of the stem

Question 14

what are the 3 types of ground tissues in stems

Answer 14

parenchyma
collenchym
sclerenchyma

Question 15

how can ground tissue types differ in stems

Answer 15

cell wall thickness and types
function
location in the plant

Question 16

characteristics of sclerenchyma cells in stem

Answer 16

dead at maturity

well developed primary and secondary cell walls

Question 17

what is function of sclerenchyma cells in stem

Answer 17

very firm structural support

plant fibers

Question 18

characteristics of collenchyma cells in stems

Answer 18

alive at maturity

primary cell walls vary in thickness

Question 19

function of collenchyma cells in stems

Answer 19

structural support with some flexibility

Question 20

characteristics of parenchyma cells in stems

Answer 20

alive at maturity

thin primary cell walls

Question 21

functions of parenchyma cells in stems

Answer 21

photosynthesis and respiration
storage
growth

Question 22

what directions can stems grow in

Answer 22

length

width

Question 23

where does stem lengthen

Answer 23

primary growth

Question 24

what are sites of primary growth

Answer 24

apical meristem

intercalary meristem

Question 25

what is apical meristem

Answer 25

site of all primary cell growth in the plant

Question 26

how does growth take place in apical meristem

Answer 26

through successive mitosis

Question 27

what are the 3 mersitematic tissues in apical meristem

Answer 27

protoderm procambium ground mersitem

Question 28

what are the 3 growth stages of the stems length

Answer 28

cell division cell elongation cell maturation

Question 29

what happens in cell division of stem length

Answer 29

production of leaf primordia and buf primordia

Question 30

what happens in cell elongation of stem length

Answer 30

xylem formation begins | cell elongate

Question 31

what happens in cell maturation of stem length

Answer 31

maturation of vasculature

Question 32

what is protoderm

Answer 32

produces dermal tissues

Question 33

what is procambium

Answer 33

produces vasc tissues

Question 34

what is ground meristem

Answer 34

produces ground tissues

Question 35

what is leaf primordia

Answer 35

initial leaf tissue

Question 36

what is bud primordia

Answer 36

a new bud

Question 37

what are apical buds

Answer 37

terminal bud, the tallest apical mersitem

Question 38

what are lateral buds

Answer 38

found near a corresponding leaf | grows anywhere on plant

Question 39

what are phytomeres

Answer 39

units of growth produced by leaf and bud primordia

Question 40

what do phytomeres consist of

Answer 40

leaf node internode lateral bud

Question 41

what is a node

Answer 41

section on the stem where leaves, buds or roots emerge

Question 42

what is an internode

Answer 42

length of stem between nodes

Question 43

what is the intercalary meristem

Answer 43

soot meristem which contributes to the lengthening of the internodal space

Question 44

where are intercalary meristems found

Answer 44

grasses | equistems

Question 45

what is secondary growth

Answer 45

the widening of stems and roots

Question 46

what are the sites of secondary growth

Answer 46

vascular cambium | cork cambium

Question 47

where is the vascular cambium

Answer 47

between the xylem and the phloem

Question 48

what does vascular cambium produce and where

Answer 48

- xylem, inside vasc cambium towards center of stem | - phloem, exterior of vasc cambium towards the bark

Question 49

what is the role of the cork cambium

Answer 49

adding new dermal cells that can contain all the new growth | aka produces crok

Question 50

what is cork

Answer 50

very thick secondary cell walls | dead at maturity

Question 51

what is the leaf

Answer 51

multicellular structure containing vasculature | primary site of photosynthesis

Question 52

what does the leaf consist of

Answer 52

epidermal tissues ground tissues vascular tissues

Question 53

what are the functions of the leaf

Answer 53

support | conduct

Question 54

how is vasc tissue organized in leafs

Answer 54

into veins: parallel or netted

Question 55

what are important structures unique to leaves

Answer 55

palisade mesophyll | spongy mesophyll

Question 56

what are structures concentrated on leaves

Answer 56

stomata | guard cells

Question 57

what is mesophyll in leaf

Answer 57

main ground tissue

Question 58

what does leaf mesophyll consist of

Answer 58

parenchyma

Question 59

what are 3 types of cellular organization in leaf mesophyll

Answer 59

palissade spongy wreath like

Question 60

characteristics of palissade mesophyll

Answer 60

tall narrow parenchyma cells tightly packed behind the dermal cells main site of photosynthesis on all C3 plants not C4

Question 61

characteristics of spongy mesophyll

Answer 61

loosely arranged parenchyma cells air between cells contains vasculature in all C3 photosynthesis plants not C4

Question 62

what happens to te leaf because of sun and shade

Answer 62

palissade and spongy mesophyll cells change their orientation and concentration depending on the relativr light in the environment

Question 63

characteristics of sun leaves

Answer 63

maximize photosynthesis thicker cuticle to minimize water loss taller palissade cells to take advantage of increased light

Question 64

characteristics of shade leaves

Answer 64

minimize limitiation of low light use less energy more spongy mesophyll cells to allow more gas in the leaf interior so light penetrates deeper in the leaf

Question 65

characteristics of wreath like mesophyll

Answer 65

concentrate around the vasc of the leaf main site of photosynthesis in C4 plants concentrates CO2 into malate not in C3 plants

Question 66

characteristics of collenchyma cells in leaves

Answer 66

structural support function | mainly along the midvein of the leaf

Question 67

what are leaf dermal tissues specific adaptations

Answer 67

Desiccation protection (cuticle, stomata and guard cells) controlling photosynthetic rate pathogen protection

Question 68

what is the cuticle

Answer 68

waxy layer secreted by plants to cover dermal cells

Question 69

what are stomata

Answer 69

pore for gas exchange of the surface of the leaf | necessary for efficient movement of water through vasculature

Question 70

what are guard cells

Answer 70

open and close stomata

Question 71

how does leaf dermal tissue control photosynthetic rate

Answer 71

- transparent epidermal cells maximize access of sunlight to palissade mesophyll cells - movement of palissade parenchyma - accessory pigments absorb photons and release as fluorescence to prevent overloading reaction center

Question 72

what are trichomes

Answer 72

extension of dermal tissues hair like form on leaves theoretically used for pest deterrence

Question 73

what are 2 classes

Answer 73

glandular | unicellular/pluricellular

Question 74

what are unicellular trichomes

Answer 74

single elongated epidermal cell

Question 75

what are pluicellular trichomes

Answer 75

several cells forming a simple elongated structure

Question 76

what are glandular trichomes

Answer 76

last cell at the tip pf the trichome chemical deterence contain substances in cell vacuole for defense