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Organism 1 Finals > Evolution in Plantae > Flashcards

Evolution in Plantae Flashcards

1
Q

what is a plant

A

an organism that obtains most of its energy from sunlight through photosynthesis

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2
Q

do all plants use photosynthesis

A

no, some have lost the ability

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3
Q

are all plants multicellular

A

no, some primitive algae are unicellular and are considered plants

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4
Q

how do plants reproduce

A

through the alteration of generation

some reproduce asexually

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5
Q

when and where did photosynthesis first appear

A

3.4 billion years ago in a bacterial cell

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6
Q

when did the first cyanobacteria appear

A

2.7 billion years ago

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7
Q

what are cyanobacteria

A

the first to use chlorophyll and the same basic mechanisms of plant photosynthesis
they have a range of pigments that use light in shallow and deep water

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8
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A

an ancient eukaryotic cell engulfed a cyanobacteria

the cell used the cyanobacteria as an energy factory instead of digesting it

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9
Q

where does the chloroplast organelle evolve from

A

the engulfed cyanobacteria that used photosyntheis

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10
Q

what is the primary endosymbiotic theory

A

when the eukaryotic cell engulfs a cyanobacterium

a symbiont is formed

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11
Q

what is the secondary endosymbiotic theory

A

when a eukaryotic cell with a cyanobacterium symbiont is engulfed by another eukaryotic cell

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12
Q

how did green algae appear

A

it most likely arose from a group which had undergone primary endosymbiosis

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13
Q

when did the first green algae appear

A

0.75 billion years ago

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14
Q

what is green algae specialized in

A

using wavelengths of light found in shallow water

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15
Q

what are the barriers to adapting to life on land

A
  1. desiccation
  2. gas exchange
  3. reproduction
  4. buoyancy
  5. temperature fluctuations
  6. more light
  7. mineral nutrition
  8. harmful UV radiation
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16
Q

what is desiccation

A

when the aquatic organisms adapted to being surrounded by water dry out in open air

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17
Q

why do smaller organisms dry out faster than larger ones

A

surface area > internal space in small organisms
internal space = water storage
surface area = primary area of water loss

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18
Q

why can’t plants evolving from water to land be waterproof

A

they need to allow the passage of water and gasses in and out of the body

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19
Q

what does the plant need to absorb gases when evolving from water to land

A

a new system for gas exchange

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20
Q

why is reproduction hard for plants evolving from water to land

A

organisms need water to facilitate reproduction

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21
Q

why is buoyancy a barrier to adapting from water to land

A

water and water pressure supports body tissues

air doesnt

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22
Q

why are temperature fluctuations a barrier to adapt from water to land

A

water: temp changes are slow and have little change (max 4 degrees in a century)

land: temp changes are quick and have big change
(30 degrees in 24h)

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23
Q

why is more light a barrier to adapting from water to land

A

water filter out wavelengths of light

chloroplasts are optimized to absorb a specific range of wavelengths of light

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24
Q

why do plants need minerals

A

to grow

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25
Q

how is water optimal for absorbing minerals

A

minerals are in water and plants use filter feeding

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26
Q

what do plants need to develop to absorb minerals on land

A

a way to supplement nutrition loss

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27
Q

why are uv radiations a barrier to adapt from water to land

A

water can filter uv light and protect light

gas cant

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28
Q

how did plants evolve to protect themselves from uv radiation on land

A

more plants over time = more oxygen
more oxygen creates the ozone shield
ozone shield filters out enough uv radiation

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29
Q

how are soils today

A
  • rich in organic matter
  • made of small stones (sand, clay, silt)
  • good at holding minerals
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30
Q

what is organic matter

A

complex compounds borken down by microorganisms

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31
Q

how were the small stones in the soil created

A

through chemical weathering of solid rocks

32
Q

where was green algae found

A

in freshwater

along shorelines in shallow water

33
Q

how did algae move on to land

A

algae was exposed to land for long periods of drought

34
Q

what are the 4 main groups of plants

A
  • seedless non-vascular plants
  • seedless vascular plants
  • gymnosperms
  • angiosperms
35
Q

what is another name for seedless non-vascular plants

A

bryophytes

36
Q

when did seedless non-vasc evolve

37
Q

470MYA what were the animals

A

all animal life was aquatic

38
Q

what first appeared in seedless non-vasc

A
  • terrestrial growth forms

- multicellular

39
Q

what are the 3 main groups of seedless non-vasc plants

A

liverworts
mosses
hornworts

40
Q

how does seedless non-vasc reproduce

41
Q

what do seedless non-vasc plants NOT have

A
  • vasculature
  • flowers
  • roots
  • leaves/stems
42
Q

what are characteristics of seedless non-vasc plants

A

they are all very small

43
Q

where do we find seedless non-vasc

A

moist environments

44
Q

what repro lifecycle is dominant for seedless non-vasc

A

gamteophyte

45
Q

when did seedless vasc plants evolve

46
Q

what where the animals 350 MYA

A
  • crawling arthropods (insects) dominate land

- first tetrapods begin to emerge on land

47
Q

what first appears in seedless vasc plants

A
  • roots
  • distinct leaves and stems
  • vasculature
  • secondary growth
48
Q

what are the 4 main groups of seedless vasc

A
  • ferns
  • horsetails
  • club mosses
  • whisk ferns
49
Q

how do seedless vasc reproduce

50
Q

what are the types of vasculature

A

xylem and phloem

51
Q

what do seedless vasc NOT have

52
Q

where do we find seedless vasc

A

moist environments

53
Q

what are seedless vasc characteristics

A

most are small

some tree forms

54
Q

what is the dominant repro lifecycle

A

gametophyte

55
Q

when did gymnosperms appear

56
Q

what were the animals 245MYA

A

large reptile groups

basically the ancestors of dinosaurs who emerge 230MYA

57
Q

what first appears in gymnosperms

58
Q

what are the 4 main groups of gymnosperms

A
  • cycads
  • gingkoes
  • conifers
  • gnetidae
59
Q

how do gymnosperms reproduce

60
Q

what do gymnosperms NOT have

61
Q

where do we find gymnosperms

A

dry or temperate environments

62
Q

what repro lifecycle is dominant in gymnosperms

A

sporophyte

63
Q

when did angiosperms first evolve

64
Q

what were the animals 160MYA

A

dinosaurs dominated

small mammals start to appear

65
Q

what first appears in angiosperms

66
Q

what plant group dominates now

A

angiosperms

67
Q

what are the 4 main groups of angiosperms

A
  • eudicots
  • magnolids
  • monocots
  • basal angiosperms
68
Q

how to angiosperms reproduce

69
Q

where are angisperms found

A

moist environments

sometimes in water or deserts

70
Q

how did plants defeat desiccation through evolution

A
  • multiple cell layers on the epidermis
  • layer of wax
  • roots/root-like structure

all help hold in water or direct water to the plant

71
Q

how did plants evolve their gas exchange mechanisms

A
  • specific pores allow gas to enter (stomata)

- pores close to prevent drying out

72
Q

how did plants evolve to reproduce on land

A
  • spores that survive desiccation that only need water to move
  • seeds that only need water to germinate
73
Q

how did plants defeat buoyancy through evolution

A
  • strong fibers/ compounds for structural support (lignin and cellulose)
74
Q

how did plants defeat temp fluctuation on land through evolution

A

temp regulated thanks to

  • roots
  • epidermis is thick
  • wax layer
75
Q

how did plants adapt their mineral intake through evolution

A
  • roots allow mineral intake
  • certain elements taken out of the air
  • some plants take minerals through leaves

Organism 1 Finals (21 decks)

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