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Organism 1 Finals > Evolution in Plantae > Flashcards

Evolution in Plantae Flashcards

1
Q

what is a plant

A

an organism that obtains most of its energy from sunlight through photosynthesis

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2
Q

do all plants use photosynthesis

A

no, some have lost the ability

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3
Q

are all plants multicellular

A

no, some primitive algae are unicellular and are considered plants

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4
Q

how do plants reproduce

A

through the alteration of generation

some reproduce asexually

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5
Q

when and where did photosynthesis first appear

A

3.4 billion years ago in a bacterial cell

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6
Q

when did the first cyanobacteria appear

A

2.7 billion years ago

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7
Q

what are cyanobacteria

A

the first to use chlorophyll and the same basic mechanisms of plant photosynthesis
they have a range of pigments that use light in shallow and deep water

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8
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A

an ancient eukaryotic cell engulfed a cyanobacteria

the cell used the cyanobacteria as an energy factory instead of digesting it

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9
Q

where does the chloroplast organelle evolve from

A

the engulfed cyanobacteria that used photosyntheis

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10
Q

what is the primary endosymbiotic theory

A

when the eukaryotic cell engulfs a cyanobacterium

a symbiont is formed

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11
Q

what is the secondary endosymbiotic theory

A

when a eukaryotic cell with a cyanobacterium symbiont is engulfed by another eukaryotic cell

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12
Q

how did green algae appear

A

it most likely arose from a group which had undergone primary endosymbiosis

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13
Q

when did the first green algae appear

A

0.75 billion years ago

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14
Q

what is green algae specialized in

A

using wavelengths of light found in shallow water

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15
Q

what are the barriers to adapting to life on land

A
  1. desiccation
  2. gas exchange
  3. reproduction
  4. buoyancy
  5. temperature fluctuations
  6. more light
  7. mineral nutrition
  8. harmful UV radiation
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16
Q

what is desiccation

A

when the aquatic organisms adapted to being surrounded by water dry out in open air

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17
Q

why do smaller organisms dry out faster than larger ones

A

surface area > internal space in small organisms
internal space = water storage
surface area = primary area of water loss

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18
Q

why can’t plants evolving from water to land be waterproof

A

they need to allow the passage of water and gasses in and out of the body

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19
Q

what does the plant need to absorb gases when evolving from water to land

A

a new system for gas exchange

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20
Q

why is reproduction hard for plants evolving from water to land

A

organisms need water to facilitate reproduction

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21
Q

why is buoyancy a barrier to adapting from water to land

A

water and water pressure supports body tissues

air doesnt

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22
Q

why are temperature fluctuations a barrier to adapt from water to land

A

water: temp changes are slow and have little change (max 4 degrees in a century)

land: temp changes are quick and have big change
(30 degrees in 24h)

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23
Q

why is more light a barrier to adapting from water to land

A

water filter out wavelengths of light

chloroplasts are optimized to absorb a specific range of wavelengths of light

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24
Q

why do plants need minerals

A

to grow

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25
how is water optimal for absorbing minerals
minerals are in water and plants use filter feeding
26
what do plants need to develop to absorb minerals on land
a way to supplement nutrition loss
27
why are uv radiations a barrier to adapt from water to land
water can filter uv light and protect light | gas cant
28
how did plants evolve to protect themselves from uv radiation on land
more plants over time = more oxygen more oxygen creates the ozone shield ozone shield filters out enough uv radiation
29
how are soils today
- rich in organic matter - made of small stones (sand, clay, silt) - good at holding minerals
30
what is organic matter
complex compounds borken down by microorganisms
31
how were the small stones in the soil created
through chemical weathering of solid rocks
32
where was green algae found
in freshwater | along shorelines in shallow water
33
how did algae move on to land
algae was exposed to land for long periods of drought
34
what are the 4 main groups of plants
- seedless non-vascular plants - seedless vascular plants - gymnosperms - angiosperms
35
what is another name for seedless non-vascular plants
bryophytes
36
when did seedless non-vasc evolve
470 MYA
37
470MYA what were the animals
all animal life was aquatic
38
what first appeared in seedless non-vasc
- terrestrial growth forms | - multicellular
39
what are the 3 main groups of seedless non-vasc plants
liverworts mosses hornworts
40
how does seedless non-vasc reproduce
by spores
41
what do seedless non-vasc plants NOT have
- vasculature - flowers - roots - leaves/stems
42
what are characteristics of seedless non-vasc plants
they are all very small
43
where do we find seedless non-vasc
moist environments
44
what repro lifecycle is dominant for seedless non-vasc
gamteophyte
45
when did seedless vasc plants evolve
350MYA
46
what where the animals 350 MYA
- crawling arthropods (insects) dominate land | - first tetrapods begin to emerge on land
47
what first appears in seedless vasc plants
- roots - distinct leaves and stems - vasculature - secondary growth
48
what are the 4 main groups of seedless vasc
- ferns - horsetails - club mosses - whisk ferns
49
how do seedless vasc reproduce
by spores
50
what are the types of vasculature
xylem and phloem
51
what do seedless vasc NOT have
- flowers
52
where do we find seedless vasc
moist environments
53
what are seedless vasc characteristics
most are small | some tree forms
54
what is the dominant repro lifecycle
gametophyte
55
when did gymnosperms appear
245 MYA
56
what were the animals 245MYA
large reptile groups | basically the ancestors of dinosaurs who emerge 230MYA
57
what first appears in gymnosperms
seeds
58
what are the 4 main groups of gymnosperms
- cycads - gingkoes - conifers - gnetidae
59
how do gymnosperms reproduce
by seeds
60
what do gymnosperms NOT have
flowers
61
where do we find gymnosperms
dry or temperate environments
62
what repro lifecycle is dominant in gymnosperms
sporophyte
63
when did angiosperms first evolve
160MYA
64
what were the animals 160MYA
dinosaurs dominated | small mammals start to appear
65
what first appears in angiosperms
flowers
66
what plant group dominates now
angiosperms
67
what are the 4 main groups of angiosperms
- eudicots - magnolids - monocots - basal angiosperms
68
how to angiosperms reproduce
seeds
69
where are angisperms found
moist environments | sometimes in water or deserts
70
how did plants defeat desiccation through evolution
- multiple cell layers on the epidermis - layer of wax - roots/root-like structure all help hold in water or direct water to the plant
71
how did plants evolve their gas exchange mechanisms
- specific pores allow gas to enter (stomata) | - pores close to prevent drying out
72
how did plants evolve to reproduce on land
- spores that survive desiccation that only need water to move - seeds that only need water to germinate
73
how did plants defeat buoyancy through evolution
- strong fibers/ compounds for structural support (lignin and cellulose)
74
how did plants defeat temp fluctuation on land through evolution
temp regulated thanks to - roots - epidermis is thick - wax layer
75
how did plants adapt their mineral intake through evolution
- roots allow mineral intake - certain elements taken out of the air - some plants take minerals through leaves

Organism 1 Finals (21 decks)

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