Metabolites

Question 1

what are the 2 categories of metabolites

Answer 1

primary metabolites

secondary metabolites

Question 2

what are primary metabolites

Answer 2

compounds common to all plants

generally necessary for basic growth, plant cant live without them

Question 3

what are secondary metabolites

Answer 3

compounds useful to plant but not required for growth

involved in defense and plant to plant communication

Question 4

how do we distinguish the role of a particular compound in a plant

Answer 4

by generating a null mutant

Question 5

what is a null mutant

Answer 5

individual which has been mutated so that it no longer expresses the compound of interest
if it fails to grow, compound is primary

Question 6

what are 4 pathways of plant communication

Answer 6

root-to-root
touch
volatile organic compounds
sound

Question 7

what is root to root communication

Answer 7

chemical signals are relased by roots which cause changes in adjacent plants

Question 8

how does root to root communication work

Answer 8

something happens to one plant

plant expresses stress and near plant produces a signal to warn the next plant

Question 9

what is touch communication

Answer 9

physical contact with specific factors triggers a cascade of signals inside plant

Question 10

what can touvh plant

Answer 10

other plants
harmmful animals
neutral animals

Question 11

how does touch communication work

Answer 11

it is context specific

different signals

Question 12

what happens when plant senses rain by touvh

Answer 12

plant panics
cascade of signals to heighten immune system
water on leaves can start infestation of a pathogen

Question 13

what is volatile organic compounds communication

Answer 13

compounds released on the surface of the leaf tissue

compounds release in gas form and travel to adjacent plants

Question 14

role of volatile organic compounds in pest defence

Answer 14

attacks can tigger plant to release VOC and warn adjacent plants of same species

Question 15

what is sound communication

Answer 15

cellular division in plant growth makes noise

Question 16

what are the 2 most common mechanism in chemical warfare

Answer 16

herbivore deterrence

allelopathy

Question 17

what is herbivore deterrence

Answer 17

chemical which make plant tissues upalatable

Question 18

traits of chemical deterrence

Answer 18

spas contain a mix of toxic compounds
contact with sap causes ozzing blistring rashes
eating fruit causes life threatening tightening of airways

Question 19

what is capsaicin

Answer 19

secondary metabolite produced by capsicum genus of peppers

responsible for burning flavor of hot peppers

Question 20

what is allelopathy

Answer 20

plants produce range of secondary metabolites specifically designed to negatively impact growth of other plants

Question 21

what are the 2 types of alleopathy

Answer 21

active

passive

Question 22

what is active allelopathy

Answer 22

plant spends energy to synthesize secondary metabolites and directly secrete them into the environment

Question 23

what is passive allelopathy

Answer 23

secondary metabolites are released as the dead plant material is broken down by decomposers

Question 24

what are plant hormones responsible for

Answer 24

regulation of every growth process throughout the plant

important signalling molecules

Question 25

what are the 5 major groups of plant hormones

Answer 25

``` auxin cytokinin gibberellic acid abscisic acid ethylene ```

Question 26

role of auxins

Answer 26

maintaining apical dominance | tells plant apical bud is stll present

Question 27

main site of biosynthesis of auxins

Answer 27

apical terminal bud

Question 28

other roles of auxins in the plant

Answer 28

- involved in growing plant tissues towards the light by accumulating in regions of plant that are shadded - cellular differentiation: helps determine fate of cells produced by meristematic tissues - adventitious root formation: auxin placed on a cut stem stimulates growth

Question 29

role of cytokinins in plant

Answer 29

work in conjunction with auxin to regulate plant development | inhibited by auxins

Question 30

main site of biosythesis of cytokinins

Answer 30

roots

Question 31

other roles of cytokinins in the plant

Answer 31

- promote lateral bud growth - help development of embryo - delyas leaf senescence(death)

Question 32

effect of auxin/cytokinins in the shoot

Answer 32

- cytokinin promotes lateral bud growth - lateral buds open and race to become apical shoot - longer and larger stem begins auxin synthesis - other shoots begin to decrease growth - new apical shoot is born

Question 33

role of gibberellic acid in plants

Answer 33

cell elongation breaking dormancy flowering leaf and fruit senescence

Question 34

main site of biosynthesis of gibberellic acid

Answer 34

produced locally in tissues as needed

Question 35

role of abscisic acid

Answer 35

initiation and maintenance of seed dormancy signaling molecule in stomatal closure slowing growth

Question 36

main site of biosynthesis of abscisic acid

Answer 36

throughout the plant

Question 37

effect of gibberellic/abscisic acid in seed dormancy

Answer 37

- build up of abscisic in seed stop growth | - abscisic gradually dissipates and when gone gibberellic can help shoot elongation

Question 38

what is the main role of ethylene

Answer 38

fruit ripening | stimulate leaf senscence

Question 39

main site of biosynthesis of ethylene

Answer 39

throughout the plant

Question 40

what is the pathogen defence in animals

Answer 40

immune system is driven by white blood cells

Question 41

what is the pathogen defence in plants

Answer 41

secondary metabolite synthesis is driven by hormone signaling hormone signaling/secondary metabolites make up the biosynthetic pathways that are responsible for a plants pathogen defence system

Question 42

what is an induced defence

Answer 42

defence synthesized in direct response to pathogen attack

Question 43

what is constitutive defence

Answer 43

compounds always present in plant

Question 44

what are the types of induced defense

Answer 44

systemic acquires resistance | hypersensitivity response

Question 45

what is systemic acquired resistance

Answer 45

entire plant synthesizes and expresses defence compounds even if attack is in one area signaled by plant hormones and carried out through secondary metabolites

Question 46

what is hypersensitivity response

Answer 46

plant undergoes programmed cell death to protect itself | host contains infection by selectively killing its own cells