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Organism 1 Finals > Metabolites > Flashcards

Metabolites Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 categories of metabolites

A

primary metabolites

secondary metabolites

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2
Q

what are primary metabolites

A

compounds common to all plants

generally necessary for basic growth, plant cant live without them

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3
Q

what are secondary metabolites

A

compounds useful to plant but not required for growth

involved in defense and plant to plant communication

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4
Q

how do we distinguish the role of a particular compound in a plant

A

by generating a null mutant

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5
Q

what is a null mutant

A

individual which has been mutated so that it no longer expresses the compound of interest
if it fails to grow, compound is primary

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6
Q

what are 4 pathways of plant communication

A

root-to-root
touch
volatile organic compounds
sound

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7
Q

what is root to root communication

A

chemical signals are relased by roots which cause changes in adjacent plants

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8
Q

how does root to root communication work

A

something happens to one plant

plant expresses stress and near plant produces a signal to warn the next plant

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9
Q

what is touch communication

A

physical contact with specific factors triggers a cascade of signals inside plant

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10
Q

what can touvh plant

A

other plants
harmmful animals
neutral animals

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11
Q

how does touch communication work

A

it is context specific

different signals

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12
Q

what happens when plant senses rain by touvh

A

plant panics
cascade of signals to heighten immune system
water on leaves can start infestation of a pathogen

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13
Q

what is volatile organic compounds communication

A

compounds released on the surface of the leaf tissue

compounds release in gas form and travel to adjacent plants

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14
Q

role of volatile organic compounds in pest defence

A

attacks can tigger plant to release VOC and warn adjacent plants of same species

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15
Q

what is sound communication

A

cellular division in plant growth makes noise

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16
Q

what are the 2 most common mechanism in chemical warfare

A

herbivore deterrence

allelopathy

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17
Q

what is herbivore deterrence

A

chemical which make plant tissues upalatable

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18
Q

traits of chemical deterrence

A

spas contain a mix of toxic compounds
contact with sap causes ozzing blistring rashes
eating fruit causes life threatening tightening of airways

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19
Q

what is capsaicin

A

secondary metabolite produced by capsicum genus of peppers

responsible for burning flavor of hot peppers

20
Q

what is allelopathy

A

plants produce range of secondary metabolites specifically designed to negatively impact growth of other plants

21
Q

what are the 2 types of alleopathy

A

active

passive

22
Q

what is active allelopathy

A

plant spends energy to synthesize secondary metabolites and directly secrete them into the environment

23
Q

what is passive allelopathy

A

secondary metabolites are released as the dead plant material is broken down by decomposers

24
Q

what are plant hormones responsible for

A

regulation of every growth process throughout the plant

important signalling molecules

25
Q

what are the 5 major groups of plant hormones

A 
auxin
cytokinin
gibberellic acid
abscisic acid
ethylene
26
Q

role of auxins

A

maintaining apical dominance

tells plant apical bud is stll present

27
Q

main site of biosynthesis of auxins

A

apical terminal bud

28
Q

other roles of auxins in the plant

A
  • involved in growing plant tissues towards the light by accumulating in regions of plant that are shadded
  • cellular differentiation: helps determine fate of cells produced by meristematic tissues
  • adventitious root formation: auxin placed on a cut stem stimulates growth
29
Q

role of cytokinins in plant

A

work in conjunction with auxin to regulate plant development

inhibited by auxins

30
Q

main site of biosythesis of cytokinins

A

roots

31
Q

other roles of cytokinins in the plant

A
  • promote lateral bud growth
  • help development of embryo
  • delyas leaf senescence(death)
32
Q

effect of auxin/cytokinins in the shoot

A
  • cytokinin promotes lateral bud growth
  • lateral buds open and race to become apical shoot
  • longer and larger stem begins auxin synthesis
  • other shoots begin to decrease growth
  • new apical shoot is born
33
Q

role of gibberellic acid in plants

A

cell elongation
breaking dormancy
flowering
leaf and fruit senescence

34
Q

main site of biosynthesis of gibberellic acid

A

produced locally in tissues as needed

35
Q

role of abscisic acid

A

initiation and maintenance of seed dormancy
signaling molecule in stomatal closure
slowing growth

36
Q

main site of biosynthesis of abscisic acid

A

throughout the plant

37
Q

effect of gibberellic/abscisic acid in seed dormancy

A
  • build up of abscisic in seed stop growth

- abscisic gradually dissipates and when gone gibberellic can help shoot elongation

38
Q

what is the main role of ethylene

A

fruit ripening

stimulate leaf senscence

39
Q

main site of biosynthesis of ethylene

A

throughout the plant

40
Q

what is the pathogen defence in animals

A

immune system is driven by white blood cells

41
Q

what is the pathogen defence in plants

A

secondary metabolite synthesis is driven by hormone signaling

hormone signaling/secondary metabolites make up the biosynthetic pathways that are responsible for a plants pathogen defence system

42
Q

what is an induced defence

A

defence synthesized in direct response to pathogen attack

43
Q

what is constitutive defence

A

compounds always present in plant

44
Q

what are the types of induced defense

A

systemic acquires resistance

hypersensitivity response

45
Q

what is systemic acquired resistance

A

entire plant synthesizes and expresses defence compounds even if attack is in one area
signaled by plant hormones and carried out through secondary metabolites

46
Q

what is hypersensitivity response

A

plant undergoes programmed cell death to protect itself

host contains infection by selectively killing its own cells

Organism 1 Finals (21 decks)

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