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Organism 1 Finals > Mycorrhizae Rhizobia > Flashcards

Mycorrhizae Rhizobia Flashcards

1
Q

what is the core plant microbiota

A

the microbiota associated with a specific species or genotypes, independant of environmental conditions

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2
Q

what are core plant microbiota believed to be

A

microvial taxa

crucial if not required for growth and survival of species

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3
Q

2 groups of core microbiota

A

mycorrhizae

rhizobia

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4
Q

what is mycorrhizae

A

fungal species which associate with plant roots in a symbiotic relationship

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5
Q

when do mycorrhizae occur

A

when the hyphae of mycorrhizae enter the root organ

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6
Q

what is hyphae

A

main tissue of a fungal species

the body

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7
Q

what do the plant and fungi both get out of a mycorrhizal association

A
  • fungus is receiving carbohydrates from the plant

- plant benefits from increased absorption area for water and minerals since mycorrhizae acts as extended root system

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8
Q

role of hyphae with roots

A

fungus absorbs water and minerals through cell surface

more surface area= greater interface with which to absorb water and minerals

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9
Q

what are the 2 classes of mycorrhizal associations

A

ectomycorrhizae

endomycorrhizae

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10
Q

what is ectomycorrizae

A

a mycorrhizal association which does not penetrate into cells of the host

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11
Q

what is ectomycorrhizae

A

association which forms a complex sheath of hyphae around the root tip (mantle)

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12
Q

what is believed to be the main fungal group responsible for tree to tree communication

A

ectomycorrhizae

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13
Q

what is endomycorrhizae

A

mycorrhizae association where hyphae penetrates the host cell

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14
Q

what is the most common type of endomycorrhizae

A

arbuscular mycorrhizae

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15
Q

what is arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

a form of endomycorrhizae where the hyphae of the fungus penetrates the cells of the cortex

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16
Q

what are strucutes of penetrated arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

arbuscules

vesicles

17
Q

what are arbuscules

A

highly branching hyphae that enters the plasma membrane of the cell and increases surface area of the hyphae inside the cell

18
Q

what are vesicles

A

large spherical growths of fungal hyphae within the plant cell

19
Q

what are the other mycorrhizae

A

ericoid
orchid
arbutoid

20
Q

what is ericoid mycorrhizae

A

special class of endomycorrhizae found only in the ericaceae family

21
Q

what is the ericaeae family

A

mainly wtland plants: blueberries, cranberries, rhododendrons

22
Q

what do ericoid mycorrhizae specialize in

A

nitrogen acquisition

23
Q

what is the unique form of ericoid mycorrhizae

A

the hyphae form coils

24
Q

what is orchid mycorrhizae

A

a mycorrhizal association unique to orchid species

25
Q

how do seeds in orchidaceae with no endosperm get energy for growth

A

mycorrhizal symbiont

26
Q

what is the growth pattern of the orchid mycorrhizae

A

hyphae penetrate the cortical cells and the plasma membranes of the cortical cells

27
Q

what are pelotons

A

very dense fungal groupings

28
Q

what do orchid mycorrhizae provide early in the association

A

carbon and minerals

29
Q

what do orchid mycorrhizae provide when plant is mature and photosynthesizes

A

minerals

30
Q

what are arbutoid mycorrhizae

A

very rare form of mycorrhizal association only found in 2 groups of the ericeae family

31
Q

what are the rhizobia symbioses

A

group of bacterial species that associate mainly with members of the fabaceae family

32
Q

what happens when rhizobia is associated with a plant host

A

it can express genes to fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the plant can absorb

33
Q

what does plant provide to rhizobia in return

A

sugars

34
Q

what is nodulation

A

process of symbioses with rhizobia

35
Q

what are the steps of rhizobial symbioses

A
  1. rhizobia bacteria associate with an emerging root hair
  2. bacteria release signals to tell the plant that the bacterial cells are present
  3. in response, the root hairs elongate and begin to form coiled structures trapping the bacteria
  4. cell walls of the root hair then begin to collapse inward creating a passage from the soil surface to the cortex cells
  5. in the cortex, rhizobia cells travel to cortex cells and inscide the cell they begin to multiply enlarge and form a nodule
36
Q

what is an infection thread

A

passage from the soil to the surface of the cortex cells

37
Q

what is a nodule

A

a plant cortex cell filled with nitrogen fixing bacteroids that is connected to the vasculature of the root

38
Q

what are bacteroids

A

mature rhizobia cells actively fixing nitrogen

39
Q

what is the symbioses relationship in plant master

A

plant initiates the symbiosis

plant gives sugar to symbiont in exchange for minerals

Organism 1 Finals (21 decks)

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