Flowers

Question 1

what isa flower

Answer 1

structure of modified leaves some of which are sporophylls

compound structure composed of different units of growth

Question 2

what are whorls

Answer 2

different units of growth in a flower

Question 3

what are the 4 whorls

Answer 3

1. calyx
2. corolla
3. stamens
4. pistil

Question 4

what is a perianth

Answer 4

calyx and corolla together

Question 5

what is the calyx

Answer 5

outermost whorl of a flower
protects iner layers
composed of sepals (most often green)

Question 6

what is the corolla

Answer 6

layer immediately next to sepals
the petals of the flower
believed to be optimized for pollinator attraction
protects reproductive organs of the flower

Question 7

what is the stamens

Answer 7

layer of male reproductive tissues

a filament topped with anther (where pollen is produced)

Question 8

what is the pistil

Answer 8

layer of female reproductive tissue

innermost whorl

Question 9

what is the pistil composed of

Answer 9

style (pollen receptacle)
stigma (structure between ovary and stigma)
ovary (contains ovules, can mature into fruit tissue)

Question 10

types of flowers

Answer 10

staminate: male only
pistillate: female only
perfect: both

Question 11

what is a dioecious flower

Answer 11

individual with both female and male flowers

Question 12

what is a monoecious flower

Answer 12

individual with flower of a single sex

Question 13

what is a pollinator

Answer 13

animal which moves pollen from the anther to the stigma on a flower

Question 14

what is nectar

Answer 14

produced to attract potential polinators

sugar solution

Question 15

where is nectar produced

Answer 15

in a nectary

Question 16

what is the most common pollinator

Answer 16

bee

Question 17

traits of beetle pollination

Answer 17

first pollinator group

plants are radially symmetrical with easily accessible pollen

Question 18

traits of bee pollination

Answer 18

flowers have colours in UV spectrum that guide bees to the nectar
flowers can be tubular to allow passage of bees
significant nectar production

Question 19

why is nectar sweet

Answer 19

attracts pollinators

Question 20

traits of fly pollination

Answer 20

plants rely on their scent to attract flies

release a bad odor

Question 21

traits of butterfly pollination

Answer 21

plants are large or in cluster to provide landing platform
brightly colours with potential necatar guides
prolific nectar produced

Question 22

traits of bat pollination

Answer 22

plants rely on scent to attract pollinators
very strong floral scent
large number of anther
are radially symmetrical or tubular/funnel shaped

Question 23

traits of bird pollination

Answer 23

flowers need to be colourful (mostly red)
very abundant nectar
long tubular structure
stamen oriented to come into contact with birds as they feed

Question 24

what are specialist pollinators

Answer 24

plants that have adapted to be pollinated by a single species of pollinators

Question 25

traits of bee orchid pollination

Answer 25

release same pheromones as the female bee of the species flower looks like the female bee attracts male bees thinking theyre copulating

Question 26

traits of wind pollination

Answer 26

``` wind moves pollen from flower to flower many small flowers no scent or nectar lots of pollen staminate and pistillate flowers ```

Question 27

what are the limitations on pollination success

Answer 27

pollen viability pollen incompability self-compability

Question 28

what is pollen viability

Answer 28

proportion of pollen grains capable of germination | not all pollen grains will be able to fertilize egg

Question 29

what is pollen incompability

Answer 29

not all pollen can fertilize all species

Question 30

what is self-incompatibility

Answer 30

the inability of a plant to self pollinate | pollen land on stigma but its not signalled to germinate

Question 31

problems with self fertlization

Answer 31

- no sexual reproduction, no mixing of gametes= clone

Question 32

what is a fruit

Answer 32

can be fleshy or hard and dry | produced by ovary tissues

Question 33

what is seed dispersal

Answer 33

movement of seeds away from the parent plant

Question 34

why do seeds need to move away from the parent plant

Answer 34

if it germinates below parent plant, it will compete with parent plant

Question 35

what are the mechanisms for seed dispersal

Answer 35

wind animals water expulsion

Question 36

what is wind disperal

Answer 36

seeds that require wind to disperse

Question 37

seeds of wind dispersal

Answer 37

small | have wing like structure of feathery structures to catch wind

Question 38

what is animal dispersal

Answer 38

interaction with animals necessary for dispersal | seeds dispersed in poop

Question 39

seeds of animal disperal

Answer 39

covered by fleshy ovary to attract animals | hooks or abrasive material to attach to animal coats

Question 40

what is water dispersal

Answer 40

seeds designed to float on water and transport along watercourses

Question 41

seeds of water dispersal

Answer 41

hollow center to allow floating

Question 42

what is expulsion dispersal

Answer 42

fruits explode and disperse seeds

Question 43

seeds in expulsion dispersal

Answer 43

fruits under pressure | drying out releases seed

Question 44

what is kin care

Answer 44

seeds which germinate below the parent tree are fed by mother tree through myocorrhizal networks