Flowers Flashcards

1
Q

what isa flower

A

structure of modified leaves some of which are sporophylls

compound structure composed of different units of growth

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2
Q

what are whorls

A

different units of growth in a flower

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3
Q

what are the 4 whorls

A
  1. calyx
  2. corolla
  3. stamens
  4. pistil
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4
Q

what is a perianth

A

calyx and corolla together

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5
Q

what is the calyx

A

outermost whorl of a flower
protects iner layers
composed of sepals (most often green)

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6
Q

what is the corolla

A

layer immediately next to sepals
the petals of the flower
believed to be optimized for pollinator attraction
protects reproductive organs of the flower

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7
Q

what is the stamens

A

layer of male reproductive tissues

a filament topped with anther (where pollen is produced)

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8
Q

what is the pistil

A

layer of female reproductive tissue

innermost whorl

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9
Q

what is the pistil composed of

A

style (pollen receptacle)
stigma (structure between ovary and stigma)
ovary (contains ovules, can mature into fruit tissue)

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10
Q

types of flowers

A

staminate: male only
pistillate: female only
perfect: both

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11
Q

what is a dioecious flower

A

individual with both female and male flowers

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12
Q

what is a monoecious flower

A

individual with flower of a single sex

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13
Q

what is a pollinator

A

animal which moves pollen from the anther to the stigma on a flower

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14
Q

what is nectar

A

produced to attract potential polinators

sugar solution

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15
Q

where is nectar produced

A

in a nectary

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16
Q

what is the most common pollinator

A

bee

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17
Q

traits of beetle pollination

A

first pollinator group

plants are radially symmetrical with easily accessible pollen

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18
Q

traits of bee pollination

A

flowers have colours in UV spectrum that guide bees to the nectar
flowers can be tubular to allow passage of bees
significant nectar production

19
Q

why is nectar sweet

A

attracts pollinators

20
Q

traits of fly pollination

A

plants rely on their scent to attract flies

release a bad odor

21
Q

traits of butterfly pollination

A

plants are large or in cluster to provide landing platform
brightly colours with potential necatar guides
prolific nectar produced

22
Q

traits of bat pollination

A

plants rely on scent to attract pollinators
very strong floral scent
large number of anther
are radially symmetrical or tubular/funnel shaped

23
Q

traits of bird pollination

A

flowers need to be colourful (mostly red)
very abundant nectar
long tubular structure
stamen oriented to come into contact with birds as they feed

24
Q

what are specialist pollinators

A

plants that have adapted to be pollinated by a single species of pollinators

25
Q

traits of bee orchid pollination

A

release same pheromones as the female bee of the species
flower looks like the female bee
attracts male bees thinking theyre copulating

26
Q

traits of wind pollination

A
wind moves pollen from flower to flower
many small flowers
no scent or nectar
lots of pollen
staminate and pistillate flowers
27
Q

what are the limitations on pollination success

A

pollen viability
pollen incompability
self-compability

28
Q

what is pollen viability

A

proportion of pollen grains capable of germination

not all pollen grains will be able to fertilize egg

29
Q

what is pollen incompability

A

not all pollen can fertilize all species

30
Q

what is self-incompatibility

A

the inability of a plant to self pollinate

pollen land on stigma but its not signalled to germinate

31
Q

problems with self fertlization

A
  • no sexual reproduction, no mixing of gametes= clone
32
Q

what is a fruit

A

can be fleshy or hard and dry

produced by ovary tissues

33
Q

what is seed dispersal

A

movement of seeds away from the parent plant

34
Q

why do seeds need to move away from the parent plant

A

if it germinates below parent plant, it will compete with parent plant

35
Q

what are the mechanisms for seed dispersal

A

wind
animals
water
expulsion

36
Q

what is wind disperal

A

seeds that require wind to disperse

37
Q

seeds of wind dispersal

A

small

have wing like structure of feathery structures to catch wind

38
Q

what is animal dispersal

A

interaction with animals necessary for dispersal

seeds dispersed in poop

39
Q

seeds of animal disperal

A

covered by fleshy ovary to attract animals

hooks or abrasive material to attach to animal coats

40
Q

what is water dispersal

A

seeds designed to float on water and transport along watercourses

41
Q

seeds of water dispersal

A

hollow center to allow floating

42
Q

what is expulsion dispersal

A

fruits explode and disperse seeds

43
Q

seeds in expulsion dispersal

A

fruits under pressure

drying out releases seed

44
Q

what is kin care

A

seeds which germinate below the parent tree are fed by mother tree through myocorrhizal networks