Gymnosperms

Question 1

what is special about gymnosperms

Answer 1

first appearance of sededs, pollen and ovules

Question 2

what are gymnosperms specialized for

Answer 2

dry or cold temperature extremes

Question 3

what is pollen

Answer 3

the male gametophyte stage in plants

Question 4

what is another name for pollen

Answer 4

microgametophyte

Question 5

what is role of pollen

Answer 5

to germinate and produce sperms

Question 6

what does the ovule contain

Answer 6

• integument
• nucellus
• megagametophyte

Question 7

what is pollination

Answer 7

transfer of pollen from the male part of a plant to the female part of a plant
only found in seed plants

Question 8

what is fertilization

Answer 8

the uniting of male and female gametes to produce a diploid zygote

Question 9

what are seeds

Answer 9

structure containing an embryonic plant, nutritive substance and a protective outer containing

Question 10

what is the advantage to seeds

Answer 10

they are desiccation tolerant

they have dormancy mechanisms

Question 11

what is seed dormanvy

Answer 11

the delaying of germination

Question 12

what is special about seeds in gymnosperms

Answer 12

• open to the atmosphere

- covered by a single integument

Question 13

what is special about seeds in angiosperms

Answer 13

completely covered

generally contained in a fruit and 2 integuments

Question 14

what are cones

Answer 14

a strobilus
modified stem tissues
compound structure containing many seperate areas for pollen or ovule cells
distinct male/female forms

Question 15

characteristics of female cones

Answer 15

megastrobilus
generally woody and larger
woody bracts= modified stem tissues

Question 16

characteristics of male cones

Answer 16

microstrobilus
generally herbaceous and smaller
each bract is a microsporophyll

Question 17

when did seedless vasc plants dominate

Answer 17

when global temperatures where 20 degrees

mostly lycopods

Question 18

what are the different phylums of gymnosperms

Answer 18

coniferophyta
cycadophyta
ginkgophyta
gnetophyta

Question 19

what characterizes conifers

Answer 19

• woody secondary growth
• dominant tree species in northern locations
• needle shaped growth
• evergreen perisistent foliage

Question 20

what are the main families in conifers

Answer 20

pinaceae
araucariaceae
podocarpaceae
sciadopityacea
cupressaceae
cephalotaxaceae
taxaceae

Question 21

common name for pinaceae

Answer 21

the traditional conifers

Question 22

what are traits of pinaceae

Answer 22

• mostly evergreen
• needle-like leaves
• monocious
• whorled branches
• resinous
• large female cones
• small male cones
• wind pollination

Question 23

what are traits of araucariaceae

Answer 23

• mostly large trees
• cones large
• needle or broad leaves
• monocious or diocious

Question 24

traits of sciadopityaceae

Answer 24

single species

Question 25

traits of cupressaceae

Answer 25

- mainly scale-like leaves - woody trees or shrubs - cones are woody or fleshy

Question 26

trairs of cephalotaxaceae

Answer 26

- small shrubs or trees - evergreen spirally aranges leaves - needle like leaves - monoecious or dioecious

Question 27

traits of taxaceae

Answer 27

- evergreen - small trees or shrubs - female cones are very specialised

Question 28

characteristics of female cones in taxaceae

Answer 28

a single seed and a single scale that develops into a fleshy aril resembling a fruit

Question 29

what is the male structure in conirophyta

Answer 29

microsporophylls organized into a strobili

Question 30

what happens to microspores in strobili

Answer 30

mitosis forms pollen wind dispersion germinates female egg cell and releases sperm

Question 31

what happens in the cone of the coniferophyta

Answer 31

- mother diploid cells goes through mitosis - creates 4 daughter cells but only one lives and becomes megaspore - megaspores goes through mitosis to create female gamerophyte (archegonia)

Question 32

cycads characteristics

Answer 32

- woody secondary growths - short height - very hard and stiff evergreen leaves - very slow growth - all dioecious

Question 33

what are the famailies in cycads

Answer 33

cycadaceae strangeriaceae zamiaceae

Question 34

traits of cycadaceae

Answer 34

- all woody - palm like growth - dioecious - female cones are actually megasporophylls composed of leaf tissue

Question 35

traits of strangeriaceae

Answer 35

all species with a fern like growth

Question 36

traits of zamiaceae

Answer 36

palm like perennial evergreen dioecious

Question 37

what is the lifecyle of the cycadophyta

Answer 37

- sporophylls for males and females - males have strobilus structure - females have megasporophyll structure

Question 38

characteristics of ginkgos

Answer 38

fan shaped leaves dioecious fruit like structure for female gametophytes

Question 39

what is the lifecycle of ginkgophyta

Answer 39

- male structure: simplified sporophyll with only 2 bracts - female structure: simplified strobili with only 2 ovules - seeds protected by foul smelling fruit like structure

Question 40

characteristics of gnetidae

Answer 40

they share little in common other then dna because they specilized for different habitats

Question 41

characteristics of gnetum

Answer 41

- woody tropical vines or trees | - superficially appear to be angiosperms

Question 42

characteristics of epherdra

Answer 42

superficially look like grass or equisetum with cones

Question 43

characteristics of welwitschia

Answer 43

desert specialist with 2 large leaves which grow spontaneously from the base of the plant

Question 44

what is the gnetophyta lifecycle

Answer 44

some groups use double fertilization