Plant DNA Flashcards
what is a genome
all genetic material of an organism
what is diplod
genome that consists of 2 copies of each chromosome
what is the result of whole genome duplication
angiosperms
what is whole genomic duplication
a genetic event which creates an organism with additional copies of the entire genome of that species
what is a polyploidy
an organism with more whole-genome copies than the standard diploid
what is a paleopolyploid
a genome duplication event which occurred millions of years before present
when does plant polyploidy occur
- when gametes didnt undergo meiosis properly
- when haploid gamete unites with diploid gametes
- when diploid gamete unites with another diploid gamete
what is the effect of plant polypolidy on species
most of the time more genes= more gene product= bigger plant
can be opposite
what happens to a plant polyploidy over time
genome of a plant species can lose duplicated genes since it only needs one copy of each functional gene
what happens to a plant polyploidy over millions of years
they can revert to a diploid state
traits of plant genomes
- more genetic redundancy
- larger than animal genomes
- genes more mobile in genome
- horizontal gene transfer
what created most primitive angiosperm
horizontal gene transfer
what are the main systems of genetic transformation in plants
agrobacterium tumefaciens
CRISPR?Cas9
what is agrobacterium tumefaciens
the first system for man made genetic transformation
a parasitic species of bacteria that causes gall disease in plants
it nserts part of its own dna into the host
what happens when plant cells are cultured with the transformed bacteria
- bacteria would transfer their plasmid to the plant host
- gene of interest would be inserted with the plasmid into the hosts dna
what are the limitations of agrobacterium tumefaciens
no control over where the bacteria inserts the dna into the genome of the host
dna might insert where genome doesnt code
dna might not insert at all
how do you test to see whether the dna has inserted into the correct position
test each and every plant
what is a method to test dna insertion
fluorescent protein is attached to most inserted genes
tissue will be fluorescent if the gene is being expressed
what are the most common traits engineered using agrobacterium tumefaciens
increased herbicide tolerance
pesticide expression
what is CRISPR
using dna sequences taken from past viral pathogens in order to recognise new viral pathogens
what is the advantage of CRISPR/Cas9
allows to specifically choose which genes silence and which genes to insert in the organism
what is domestication syndorme
when same traits are selected for during the domestication of a species
