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Organism 1 Finals > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the greatest source of light input

A

sun

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2
Q

what is the foundation of all terrestrial ecosystems

A

solar energy

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3
Q

how is oil formed

A

former plant material compressed over time

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4
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the biological system that acquires energy from the sun
energy is used to produce sugar from CO2 and H2O
also releases oxygen

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5
Q

how was energy before photosynthesis

A

all energy was conserved

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6
Q

how is energy with photosynthesis

A

solar energy is a new and endless supply of new energy for life to consume

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7
Q

what is the photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + E –> 6 O2 + 2 C3H6O3 (3c sugar)

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8
Q

in photosynthesis what is reduced

A

carbon dioxyde

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9
Q

in photosynthesis what is oxidized

A

water

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10
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

in the chloroplast

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11
Q

what are the 2 processes in photosynthesis

A
  • light dependant reactios

- carbon fixation

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12
Q

what are the components of light dependant reactions

A
  • photosystem complexes
  • electron transport pathways
  • cytochrome
  • ATP synthase
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13
Q

what do photosynthesis complexes consist of

A
  • pigments
  • reaction center
  • antenna complex
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14
Q

what are the 2 photosystem complexes

A

PS II

PS I

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15
Q

what is in the antenna complex

A

250-400 individual pigment compounds

reaction center

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16
Q

what is the role of the antenna complex

A

capture light through pigments

funnel energy derived from light to reaction center

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17
Q

what are pigments

A

compounds in a plant that produce visually observable colour

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18
Q

what are the 2 main classes of pigments

A
  • light responsive pigments

- secondary pigments

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19
Q

what are the light responsive pigments

A

chlorophyll a

accessory pigments

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20
Q

how is energy transfered to the organism

A

pigments absorb light

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21
Q

what is the colour we see

A

the wavelength that is reflected and NOT absorbed

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22
Q

what is the most important pigment

A

chlorophyll a

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23
Q

why is chlorophyll a the most important pigment

A

it is the only photosynthetic pigment common to all photosynthesizers

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24
Q

how is light captured

A

a photon of energy from light is absorbed by the pigment

the energy from the photon excites an electron and energy is held in the chlorophyll

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25
Q

why are different photosynthesizers found in different habitats

A

not all wavelengths can penetrate all habitats

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26
Q

what are accessory pigments

A

they absorb light energy and transfer energy to chlorophyll a for carbon capture

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27
Q

what is the role of accessory pigments

A

to broaden the range of wavelengths of light that can be used for photosynthesis

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28
Q

why are they called accessory pigments

A

they are accessory to the more critical function of chlorophyll a

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29
Q

what are types of accessory pigments

A

chlorophyll b
carotenoids
phycobiliprotein

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30
Q

what is chlorophyll a essential for

A

O2 generation in photosynthesis

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31
Q

what is chlorophyll b used for

A

absorb light and has excited electron and must transfer the energy to chlorophyll a to be used for photosynthesis

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32
Q

what are carotenoids

A

red, orange, yellow lipid soluble pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane that absorb light and transfer it to chlorophyll a

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33
Q

what are the groups of carotenoids

A

carotenes

xanthophylls

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34
Q

when are carotenoids visible in leaves

A

when chlorophyll is absent

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35
Q

where are carotenes produces

A

only in plants

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36
Q

what colours are reflected and what colours are absorbed in carotenes

A

reflected: red, orange, yellow
absorbed: UV, violet, blue

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37
Q

what colours are reflected and what colours are absorbed in xanthophylls

A

reflecetd: yellow
absorbed: orange/red

38
Q

where can we find phycobiliprotein

A

in cyanobacteria in red algae

39
Q

what colour is absorbed in phycobiliprotein

A

green

40
Q

when are phycobiliproteins necessary

A

for organisms that live in deep marine environments where other wavelengths dont penetrate

41
Q

how can energy be transferred from the pigments

A
  • fluorescence
  • resonance energy transfer
  • transfer of excited electron
42
Q

what is fluorescence

A

when energy is released as a less energetic photon with a slightly longer wavelength
(loses energy)

43
Q

what is resonance energy transfer

A

when energy is transferred from an excited chlorophyll molecule to a neighbouring chlorophyll molecule

44
Q

what is transfer of excited electrons

A

when electron is transferred to a neighouring molecules that is part of an electron carrier

45
Q

what is the consequence of electron transfer

A

oxidation of chlorophyll molecule

electron is replaced by oxidation of water molecule

46
Q

what compounds can convert light to chemical energy

A

chlorophylls

47
Q

what is in PS II

A

P680 chlorophyll that absorbs 680nm light

48
Q

what is in PS I

A

P700 chlorophyll that absorb 700nm light

49
Q

where is the site of light absorption

A

PS II and PS I

50
Q

what are light dependant reactions

A

a series of coupled reactions driven by light energy

51
Q

how do light dependant reactions function

A

electrons move down a chain of proteins

52
Q

what are the consequences of light dependant reactions

A
  • proton gradient created by releasing H+ ions into the thylakoid
  • synthesis of ATP
  • synthesis of NADPH
53
Q

explain step 1 in PS II

A
  • light energy is absorbed by a pigment in the antenna complex
  • resonance energy transfer of E to P680 chlorophyll in the reaction center
  • P680 loses electron
54
Q

what happens when P680 loses an electron

A

it is replaced through the oxidation of water

  • oxidation of water releases 2 H+ into the lumen of the thylakoid
  • oxygen gas is produced
55
Q

explain step 2 in between PS II and cytochrome b6f

A
  • electron from P680 travels down a chain of proteins through oxidation/reduction reaction
56
Q

what are the proteins involved with sending the electron from the PSII to cytochrom b6f

A
  • pheophytin
  • plastiquinone a
  • plastiquinone b
57
Q

what is a consequence of the electron traveling from PSII to cytochrome b6f

A

2H+ are sent to the thylakoid lumen

58
Q

explain step 3 between cytochrome b6f and plastocyanin

A
  • plastiquinone donates electron through b6/f complex and releases H+
  • cytochrome b6f complex gives the electron to plastocyanin (molecule in the lumen)
  • plastocyanin carries electron to PS I
59
Q

explain step 4 in PS I

A
  • plastocyanin gives electron to PS I

- PS I also absorbs light

60
Q

explain step 5 between PS I and ferredoxin

A
  • electrons oxidized on pS I are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH
  • electrons travel from P700 to ferredoxin
  • ferredoxin sends electrons to NADP+ using the catalyst: FNR
61
Q

what is the consequence of electron going from PSI to ferredoxin

A
  • NADPH produced

- H+ is removed from stroma

62
Q

explain step 6 of H+ gradient and ATP synthase

A
  • electron train is over
  • there is an accumulation of H+ within the thylakoid lumen
  • H+ powers phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
63
Q

what is referred to as noncyclic electron flow

A

when electrons have passed down the electron transport chain from photosystem complex II and produced NADPH

electron move uni-directionally from the chlorophyll to ferredoxin

64
Q

How many H+ are released during the noncyclic electron flow

A

4H+ from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen

3H+ removed from the stroma (1 from reduction of NADP, 2 from transfer of e from plastoquinone to cytochrome)

65
Q

What does the proton gradient power

A

the synthesis of ATP from ADP + P

66
Q

what are the 2 methods for ATP synthesis

A
  1. proton gradient created by the electron transport chain

2. PS I functions independently and creates a proton gradient alone

67
Q

what is the end product of noncyclic electron flow and noncyclic phosphorylation

A

6 NADPH and 6 ATP

68
Q

why is cyclic phosphorylation necessary for carbon-fixation

A

it generates more ATP than NADPH

the carbon fixation require 3ATP:2NADPH

69
Q

what is carbon fixation

A

using energy to create sugars

70
Q

where does carbon fixation take place

A

calvin benson bassham cycle

71
Q

what compound begins and ends the C3 photosynthesis (also calvin-benson-bassham cycle)

A

ribulose 1,5-biphosphate (RuBP)

72
Q

in what a part of the cell is the calvin cycle

A

the stroma of the chloroplast

73
Q

what are the 3 phases of the calvin cycle

A
  1. fixation of CO2
  2. Reduction
  3. Regeneration of RuBP
74
Q

what happens in fixation of CO2

A

CO2 is bonded to 3 molecules of RuBP

fixation is catalyzed by Rubisco

75
Q

what is the most abundant enzyme on earth

A

Rubisco

76
Q

what happens in reduction

A

6 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) are converted to 6 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (PGAL)

77
Q

what happens with the PGAL after reduction

A

5 continue in the cycle

1 is converted into sugar

78
Q

what is consumed during reduction

A

6 ATP and 6 NADPH

79
Q

what happens in the regeneration of RuBP

A

5 molecules of PGAL reduced to 3 molecules of RuBP

80
Q

what is consumed during regeneration of RuBP

A

3 ATP

81
Q

what is the calvin cycle equation

A

3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPD + 6 H+ –> PGAL + 9 ADP + 8P + 6 NADP+ + 3 H2O

82
Q

what is the fate of fixed carbon

A

most PGAL transported to the cytosol and converted into sucrose

some PGAL remain in the chloroplast is converted into starch and stored in the stroma

83
Q

what is photorespiration

A

where O2 is fixed by Rubisco instead of CO2

84
Q

what are the systems that minimize photorespiration

A
  • C4 photosynthesis with/without Kranz anatomy
  • C3-C4 intermediates
  • CAM photosynthesis
85
Q

what is C4 photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis has an extra step to concentrate CO2 around rubisco

86
Q

what is Kranz anatomy

A

when there are bundle sheath cells that surround the vascular bundle and mesophyll cells that surround the bundle sheath cells

87
Q

what are the steps of C4

A
  1. CO2 fixed to PEP and form oxaloacetate in cytosol of mesophyll cells
  2. Oxaloacetate is converted to malate
  3. malate moves from mesophyll cell to neighbouring bundle-sheath cell
  4. malate is converted to form CO2 and pyruvate
  5. CO2 enters the calvin cycle in the bundle sheath cell
  6. pyruvate returns to the mesophyll cell, reacts with ATP to regenerate PEP
88
Q

when is C4 more efficient than C3

A

high temperatures

89
Q

What is CAM photosynthesis

A

an extreme adaptation to high temps and dry environments

can fix carbon in the absence of light

90
Q

what are the steps of CAM at night

A
  1. CO2 is fixed to PEP to form oxaloacetate
  2. Oxaloactetate is immediately converted to malate
  3. malate is stored in the vacuole as malic acid
91
Q

what are the steps of CAM at day

A
  1. malic acid is transported out of the vacuole and into the cytosol as malate
  2. malate is converted and the released CO2 enters the chloroplast
  3. CO2 fixed to RuBP by Rubisco and calcin cycle begins and sugar and starch can be produced

Organism 1 Finals (21 decks)

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