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Organism 1 Finals > Roots > Flashcards

Roots Flashcards

1
Q

what are roots responsible for

A

anchorage to the ground
absorption and conductance of water and minerals
storage
symbioses

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2
Q

what are the 3 tyoes of roots

A

primary
lateral
adventitious

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3
Q

what is the primary root

A

first root to emerge from the germinating seed

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4
Q

what is the lateral root

A

subsequent roots emerging from the primary root

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5
Q

what is the adventitious root

A

root that emerges from the stem

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6
Q

what are the different root systems

A 
taproot
fibrous
prop
stilt
pneumatophores
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7
Q

what are the characteristics of the taproot

A

primary root is largest root and central to the system

lateral roots emerge from the primary root

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8
Q

where are the oldest lateral roots found

A

near the base of the root

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9
Q

what plant group does not have taproot systems

A

monocots

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10
Q

what are characteristics of the fibrous root system

A

primary root dies shortly after emerging from the seed
lateral roots are all very small and dense
typical in monocots

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of stilt and prop roots

A

provide extra structure support to the plant
mainly made of adventitious roots
are mainly aerial roots

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12
Q

what are characteristics of pneumatophores

A

mostly adventitious and aerial roots
specialized in gas exchange
only type of root that can grow upwards

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13
Q

what are the 3 cell types in roots

A

dermal tissues
ground tissues
vascular tissues

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14
Q

what are the 3 most comon patterns of cellular organization in stems

A

woody
monocot
dicot

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15
Q

explain monocot herbaceous stems

A

sylem and phloem both in a ring shape

xylem is on the outside

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16
Q

what is the pith

A

group of parenchyma cells that form center of vasculature

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17
Q

explain dicot herbaceoys stems

A

xylem is in the center surrounded by phloem

xylem form a cross shape

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18
Q

explain woody stems

A

central cross of xylem
surrounding phloem
extra layers of xylem and phloem encircling central vasculature

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19
Q

what is the vascular cambium

A

what produces additional layers of xylem and phloem in woody stems

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20
Q

what are dermal tissues

A

layer between external environment and interior of the plant
protects interior of plant from outside
controls flow nd factor from the environment into the plant

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21
Q

what is the epidermis

A

dermal tissue
single cell layer between outside and gound tissues
cells have no chloroplasts

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22
Q

what is the periderm

A

dermal tissue found on woody stems
multiple cell layers
often dead cells

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23
Q

what are the specialized structrues of dermal tissue in the root

A

root cap
mucigel sheath
root hairs

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24
Q

what is the root caps role

A

detects gravity
lubricates passage of cells through the soil
secretes mucilage

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25
Q

what is mucilage

A

secretion that lubricates root along the mucigel sheath

26
Q

what are the characteristics of root hairs

A

similar to rhizoid
single cell wide
specialized in acquiring water
found only at tips of roots

27
Q

what are ground tissues

A

most common cell type

used for support and storage

28
Q

what is the cortex

A

ground tissue inthe roots

29
Q

what composes the ground tissue in roots

A

parenchyma cells

30
Q

main functions of ground tissue in roots

A

water and mineral conductance from surface of the root to the vasculature
stores starches and sugars

31
Q

what is the endodermis

A

last layer of the cortex that surrounds the vasculature

32
Q

what are the characteristics of the endodermis

A

composed of parenchyma cells
visually distinct from other cortex cells
cell walls imbedded with the casparian strip

33
Q

what is the casparian strip

A

hydrophobic compound that limits transfer of water

34
Q

what are vasculature tissues

A

specialized in the rapid and efficient transfer of solutions in the plant

35
Q

what are the types of vascular tissues

A

xylem

phloem

36
Q

what is the stele

A

vascular tissues in the root

37
Q

what is the pericycle

A

the outer layer of the stele

38
Q

what are the root groeth stages

A

cell division
maturation
elongation

39
Q

what happens in cell division

A

mitosis leads to elongation of root
has the root cap
contains meristematic regions

40
Q

what is meristematic regions

A

site of creation of new differentiated cells from undifferenciated cells

41
Q

what are the meristematic regions

A

protoderm
procambium
ground meristem
apical meristem

42
Q

what is produced in apical meristem

A

protoderm
procambium
ground meristem

43
Q

what is produced in protoderm

A

dermal tissues

44
Q

what is produced in procambium

A

vascular tissues

45
Q

what is produced in meristem

A

cortex tissues

46
Q

what happens in area of elongation

A

cells elongate
xylem formation beigins
phloem formation matures

47
Q

what happens in area of maturation

A

maturation of vasculature
endodermis matures
pericycle forms
root hairs form

48
Q

what is the important function of roots

A

they uptake water and minerals into the plant

49
Q

what are macronutrients

A

nutrients needed in large quantitities

50
Q

what are the plants macronutrients

A 
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorous
potassium
calcium
sulfur
51
Q

what are micronutrients

A

nutrients needed in small quantities

52
Q

what are the plants micronutrients

A 
iron
manganese
boron
molybdenum
copper
zinc
chlorine
nickel
cobalt
sodium
silicon
53
Q

how are soil particles charged

A

very weakly

54
Q

how is mater charged

A

weakly positive

55
Q

how are most macro and micronutrients charged

A

positively

56
Q

what is the cohesion tension theory

A

force of water is being moved through the plant is greater than the force holding the water to the soil particles

57
Q

what are the steps for plants to absorb minerals

A
  1. minerals must be freed from soil particles

2. minerals must be transported into the plant cell against their concentration gradient

58
Q

how are minerals freed from soil

A

H+ molecules released by plant root displace important mineral elements in the soil

CO2 released by the plant roots react with the water in the soil to release H+

59
Q

how are minerals uptaken in plant

A

active transport with a transmembrane carrier protein

minerals transported against their electrochemical gradients

60
Q

what happens to plants growing i soil too acidic or too basic

A

cant uptake mineras

61
Q

what happens to plants growing in incorrect pH

A

results in deficiency symptms and sometimes death

Organism 1 Finals (21 decks)

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