Roots

Question 1

what are roots responsible for

Answer 1

anchorage to the ground
absorption and conductance of water and minerals
storage
symbioses

Question 2

what are the 3 tyoes of roots

Answer 2

primary
lateral
adventitious

Question 3

what is the primary root

Answer 3

first root to emerge from the germinating seed

Question 4

what is the lateral root

Answer 4

subsequent roots emerging from the primary root

Question 5

what is the adventitious root

Answer 5

root that emerges from the stem

Question 6

what are the different root systems

Answer 6

taproot
fibrous
prop
stilt
pneumatophores

Question 7

what are the characteristics of the taproot

Answer 7

primary root is largest root and central to the system

lateral roots emerge from the primary root

Question 8

where are the oldest lateral roots found

Answer 8

near the base of the root

Question 9

what plant group does not have taproot systems

Answer 9

monocots

Question 10

what are characteristics of the fibrous root system

Answer 10

primary root dies shortly after emerging from the seed
lateral roots are all very small and dense
typical in monocots

Question 11

what are the characteristics of stilt and prop roots

Answer 11

provide extra structure support to the plant
mainly made of adventitious roots
are mainly aerial roots

Question 12

what are characteristics of pneumatophores

Answer 12

mostly adventitious and aerial roots
specialized in gas exchange
only type of root that can grow upwards

Question 13

what are the 3 cell types in roots

Answer 13

dermal tissues
ground tissues
vascular tissues

Question 14

what are the 3 most comon patterns of cellular organization in stems

Answer 14

woody
monocot
dicot

Question 15

explain monocot herbaceous stems

Answer 15

sylem and phloem both in a ring shape

xylem is on the outside

Question 16

what is the pith

Answer 16

group of parenchyma cells that form center of vasculature

Question 17

explain dicot herbaceoys stems

Answer 17

xylem is in the center surrounded by phloem

xylem form a cross shape

Question 18

explain woody stems

Answer 18

central cross of xylem
surrounding phloem
extra layers of xylem and phloem encircling central vasculature

Question 19

what is the vascular cambium

Answer 19

what produces additional layers of xylem and phloem in woody stems

Question 20

what are dermal tissues

Answer 20

layer between external environment and interior of the plant
protects interior of plant from outside
controls flow nd factor from the environment into the plant

Question 21

what is the epidermis

Answer 21

dermal tissue
single cell layer between outside and gound tissues
cells have no chloroplasts

Question 22

what is the periderm

Answer 22

dermal tissue found on woody stems
multiple cell layers
often dead cells

Question 23

what are the specialized structrues of dermal tissue in the root

Answer 23

root cap
mucigel sheath
root hairs

Question 24

what is the root caps role

Answer 24

detects gravity
lubricates passage of cells through the soil
secretes mucilage

Question 25

what is mucilage

Answer 25

secretion that lubricates root along the mucigel sheath

Question 26

what are the characteristics of root hairs

Answer 26

similar to rhizoid single cell wide specialized in acquiring water found only at tips of roots

Question 27

what are ground tissues

Answer 27

most common cell type | used for support and storage

Question 28

what is the cortex

Answer 28

ground tissue inthe roots

Question 29

what composes the ground tissue in roots

Answer 29

parenchyma cells

Question 30

main functions of ground tissue in roots

Answer 30

water and mineral conductance from surface of the root to the vasculature stores starches and sugars

Question 31

what is the endodermis

Answer 31

last layer of the cortex that surrounds the vasculature

Question 32

what are the characteristics of the endodermis

Answer 32

composed of parenchyma cells visually distinct from other cortex cells cell walls imbedded with the casparian strip

Question 33

what is the casparian strip

Answer 33

hydrophobic compound that limits transfer of water

Question 34

what are vasculature tissues

Answer 34

specialized in the rapid and efficient transfer of solutions in the plant

Question 35

what are the types of vascular tissues

Answer 35

xylem | phloem

Question 36

what is the stele

Answer 36

vascular tissues in the root

Question 37

what is the pericycle

Answer 37

the outer layer of the stele

Question 38

what are the root groeth stages

Answer 38

cell division maturation elongation

Question 39

what happens in cell division

Answer 39

mitosis leads to elongation of root has the root cap contains meristematic regions

Question 40

what is meristematic regions

Answer 40

site of creation of new differentiated cells from undifferenciated cells

Question 41

what are the meristematic regions

Answer 41

protoderm procambium ground meristem apical meristem

Question 42

what is produced in apical meristem

Answer 42

protoderm procambium ground meristem

Question 43

what is produced in protoderm

Answer 43

dermal tissues

Question 44

what is produced in procambium

Answer 44

vascular tissues

Question 45

what is produced in meristem

Answer 45

cortex tissues

Question 46

what happens in area of elongation

Answer 46

cells elongate xylem formation beigins phloem formation matures

Question 47

what happens in area of maturation

Answer 47

maturation of vasculature endodermis matures pericycle forms root hairs form

Question 48

what is the important function of roots

Answer 48

they uptake water and minerals into the plant

Question 49

what are macronutrients

Answer 49

nutrients needed in large quantitities

Question 50

what are the plants macronutrients

Answer 50

``` carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorous potassium calcium sulfur ```

Question 51

what are micronutrients

Answer 51

nutrients needed in small quantities

Question 52

what are the plants micronutrients

Answer 52

``` iron manganese boron molybdenum copper zinc chlorine nickel cobalt sodium silicon ```

Question 53

how are soil particles charged

Answer 53

very weakly

Question 54

how is mater charged

Answer 54

weakly positive

Question 55

how are most macro and micronutrients charged

Answer 55

positively

Question 56

what is the cohesion tension theory

Answer 56

force of water is being moved through the plant is greater than the force holding the water to the soil particles

Question 57

what are the steps for plants to absorb minerals

Answer 57

1. minerals must be freed from soil particles | 2. minerals must be transported into the plant cell against their concentration gradient

Question 58

how are minerals freed from soil

Answer 58

H+ molecules released by plant root displace important mineral elements in the soil CO2 released by the plant roots react with the water in the soil to release H+

Question 59

how are minerals uptaken in plant

Answer 59

active transport with a transmembrane carrier protein minerals transported against their electrochemical gradients

Question 60

what happens to plants growing i soil too acidic or too basic

Answer 60

cant uptake mineras

Question 61

what happens to plants growing in incorrect pH

Answer 61

results in deficiency symptms and sometimes death