Screening Flashcards
Describe the screening process for prostate cancer.
The first step involves counseling about risks and benefits, followed by PSA testing. Screening is only done on demand.
What is the most common complication after radical prostatectomy?
Erectile dysfunction.
How is testicular cancer screening done first ?
Through testicular examination.
Who is testicular cancer screening recommended for?
Individuals with a history of cryptorchidism or orchiopexy.
For who?……..history of cryptochidism, orchipexy
How?…………..testicular examination
Recommended?…..nooooooooo
Describe the screening recommendations for colorectal cancer in the general population.
Every 2 years starting at age 50, using FOBT, followed by colonoscopy if FOBT is positive.
When should individuals with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer start screening?
At 25 years old, with colonoscopy every 2 years.
Once abnormal leisions…….resection
What is advised to patients regarding melanoma prevention?
Avoid sun exposure, conduct skin examinations, and self-examine regularly.
What is the preferred type of FOBT for colorectal cancer screening?
Faecal immunochemical tests.
FOBT Types
Consider offering FOBT till you start colonoscopy
PR is not recommended as screening tool for cancer colon
Two types of FOBT: guaiac and faecal immunochemical tests.
Immunochemical tests are preferred
Two or three serial stools should be tested
It is essential that any positive FOBT (including just one of the samples,,,,,,,,COLNOSCOPY
How often should individuals with familial adenomatous polyps undergo colonoscopy?
Every 1-2 years.
When?……12 ys
How?……colnoscopy
How often?…..1-2 ys
Genetic screening needs to be done after counseling
once polyps appear…..surgery
What is the recommendation for oral cancer screening?
Not recommended for routine screening; only do oral exams for high-risk individuals.
How often should high-risk individuals undergo chlamydia screening?
Depends largely on opportunistic screening.
How often should sexually active females aged 15-29 years undergo screening?
Every 12 months
What is used for screening sexually active females aged 1529 years for chlamydia and gonorrhea?
PCR (First Catch Urine)
What are NAATS
NAATs are highly sensitive and specific for chlamydia and gonorrhoe
Is it recommended for screening men for have sex?
who engage in unprotected anal sex
Describe how a pap smear is performed for cervical cancer screening.
A sample of the ectocervix using an extended tip spatula, then the endocervix using a cytobrush
How often should pap smears be done for cervical cancer screening?
Every 2 years
At what age should females start cervical cancer screening?
25 years or 2 years after first sexual activity
Until what age should females continue cervical cancer screening if they have had two normal Pap tests within the last 5 years or have had a hysterectomy?
70 years
What should be done if a woman over 70 years has never been screened for cervical cancer before?
Screen her
Do lesbian females need cervical cancer screening?
Yes
Do females who have received HPV vaccination still need cervical cancer screening?
Yes
How is the Gardasil vaccine administered for HPV protection?
Through vaccination
What types of HPV does the Gardasil vaccine protect against?
Types 6, 11, 16, 18
How many doses of the Gardasil vaccine are recommended?
3 doses
At what age range is the Gardasil vaccine recommended for females and males?
9-26 years
Is the Gardasil vaccine recommended for women over 26 years old?
No
When is the maximum benefit of the Gardasil vaccine achieved?
Before starting sexual activity
Should pap smears be continued after receiving the Gardasil vaccine?
Yes.vaccine doesnot protect against all types of HPV
Describe the HPV vaccine coverage for different groups of females.
The HPV vaccine does not protect against all types of HPV. Sexually active females, with previous genital warts, females with previous abnormal cytology, and lactating females can receive vaccine. However, pregnant females and immunocompromised females should not receive the vaccine.
How is screening for ovarian cancer conducted for whom is it recommended?
Screening for ovarian cancer involves using CA125 and ultrasound. It is recommended for lower-risk individuals, but routine screening with US and CA125 is no longer recommended even in high-risk individuals.
What is the first step before considering BRCA1 or BRCA2 testing?
The first step before BRCA1 or BRCA2 testing is counseling about the test.
Do routine breast self-exams impact mortality rates?
No, breast self-exams are not routinely advised as they have no effect on mortality rates.
Define the best diagnostic screening tool for decreasing mortality in preventive medicine related to breast cancer.
Mammography is considered the best diagnostic screening tool for decreasing mortality in preventive medicine for breast cancer.
Describe the routine screening recommendations for mammography in different age groups.
Routine mammography screening is recommended for all females aged 50-74 every 2 years. For ages 40-49, screening is done only if requested, and for those over 74, screening is also done only if requested.
When is screening at a young age recommended for breast cancer?
Screening at a young age is recommended if there is a family history of breast cancer, such as one first-degree relative with breast cancer under 50, two first-degree relatives with breast cancer at any age, two second-degree relatives under 50, or specific criteria like Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.
Describe the guidelines for blood pressure screening in the population.
Blood pressure screening is recommended for all individuals starting at 18 years of age, with the frequency varying based on individual risk factors and guidelines.
Describe the screening frequency for hypercholesterolemia in the general population.
Every 2 years.
Define hypercholesterolemia screening target age.
From 45 years.
How is hypercholesterolemia screened in individuals?
Through fasting blood lipid tests.
What is the recommended screening frequency for hypercholesterolemia?
Every 5 years.
Do all populations need to be screened for diabetes mellitus?
Yes.
At what age should screening for diabetes mellitus start in the general population?
40 years.
How is diabetes mellitus screened in individuals?
Through fasting blood glucose level tests.
How often should individuals be screened for diabetes mellitus?
Every 3 years.
Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP)
https://www.racgp.org.au › view-all-racgp-guidelines
17 Sept 2020 — It is recommended that all patients at high risk are tested every three years for diabetes with either FBG or HbA1c (refer to ‘Diagnosing …
Who are considered special groups for diabetes mellitus screening?
1- Aboriginal people at high risk, 2- Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus or polycystic ovary syndrome, 3- Patients with impaired glucose tolerance test or impaired fasting glucose.
At what age should Aboriginal people start diabetes mellitus screening?
18 years.
According to the RACGP guidelines, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should start diabetes mellitus screening from the age of 18 years. This is significantly earlier than the general Australian population, which typically begins screening at age 40. The earlier screening is due to the higher prevalence and earlier onset of type 2 diabetes within this population, which is associated with greater risk factors and earlier onset of complications.
Screening should include tests such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), or random plasma glucose levels. This approach is designed to ensure early detection and management, helping to mitigate long-term health complications associated with diabetes oai_citation:1,RACGP - Chapter 12: Type 2 diabetes prevention and early detection oai_citation:2,RACGP - Diabetes oai_citation:3,Testing for type 2 diabetes in Indigenous Australians: guideline recommendations and current practice | The Medical Journal of Australia.
What is the screening frequency for special groups in diabetes mellitus screening?
Every 3 years.
What is the screening frequency for patients with impaired glucose tolerance test or impaired fasting glucose in diabetes mellitus screening?
Every 1 year.
How should individuals with a positive family history of diabetes be screened?
Fasting blood glucose or HbA1c every 3 years.
Describe the interpretation of fasting blood sugar levels for diabetes likelihood.
<5.5 mmol/L: diabetes unlikely, 5.5–6.9 mmol/L: perform an oral glucose tolerance test, 7.0 mmol/L or more: diabetes likely (repeat fasting blood sugar to confirm).
What is the diagnostic cut-off for HbA1c in diabetes mellitus screening?
6.5%.
How is the oral glucose tolerance test conducted for diabetes mellitus screening?
Before and 2 hours after a 75 gram oral glucose intake.
What blood glucose level indicates likelihood of diabetes in the oral glucose tolerance test?
> 11.1 mmol/L.
What blood glucose level range indicates impaired glucose tolerance in the oral glucose tolerance test?
7.8-11.0 mmol/L.
What is the target blood pressure for individuals without renal issues in diabetes mellitus screening?
Less than 140/90.
What is the target blood pressure for individuals with renal issues or albuminuria in diabetes mellitus screening?
Less than 130/80.
Describe the monitoring schedule for a patient on ACE inhibitors.
Foot: Daily self-check, six-monthly GP visit. HbA1c: Every 3-6 months. Gums: Every 6 months. Lipid and kFTs: Annually. Eye: Every 1-2 years. Medications review and self-management education: Yearly.
What is the drug of choice for prevention of TIA and stroke if the source is the heart?
Warfarin.
What is the drug of choice for prevention of TIA and stroke if the source is the carotid?
Aspirin.
Define hereditary haemochromatosis (HFE).
A genetic disorder characterized by excessive absorption of dietary iron.
Who is at risk for hereditary haemochromatosis (HFE)?
All first-degree relatives of patients with haemochromatosis and those with a known mutation in the HFE gene.
How is screening for hereditary haemochromatosis (HFE) performed? First Step
By measuring transferrin saturation and serum ferritin concentration.
When is screening for hereditary haemochromatosis (HFE) considered positive? Numbers
If fasting transferrin saturation is >45% and fasting ferritin is >250 µg/L on more than one occasion.
What is the next step if HFE mutations are confirmed in hereditary haemochromatosis (HFE) screening?
Referral for genetic counseling.
When should children of C282Y heterozygotes be tested for hereditary haemochromatosis (HFE)?
They should only be tested if the other parent has the C282Y mutation and not until age 18 years unless symptomatic.
Who should undergo screening for glaucoma?
Individuals with a family history of glaucoma (first-degree relatives) and patients aged ≥50 years with specific risk factors.*
diabetes
* myopia
* long-term steroid use
* migraine and peripheral vasospasm
* abnormal BP
* history of eye trauma
What is the recommended frequency for ocular examination in individuals at risk for glaucoma?
5-10 years earlier than the age of onset of glaucoma in the affected relative.
What is the preferred investigation for glaucoma screening?
Indirect ophthalmoscopy with a slit lamp.
