Electrolytes Flashcards
Describe the normal range for sodium levels in the body.
135-145.
What is the main organ affected by changes in sodium levels?
CNS.
What are the main CNS manifestations of abnormal sodium levels?
Confusion, convulsion, coma.
What is the most common cause of hypernatremia?
Diabetes Insipidus.
What is the most common cause of hyponatremia?
SIADH.
What is the recommended fluid for treating hyponatremia?
Normal saline (0.9%).
What should be used for hyponatremia with confusion or seizure?
Hypertonic saline (3%).
What is the treatment for hyponatremia with severe neurological manifestations?
Hypertonic saline (3%).
What neurological condition can result from rapid correction of hyponatremia?
Central pontine myelinolysis leading to quadriplegia.
Describe the normal range for potassium levels in the body.
3.5-5.
What EKG changes are seen in hyperkalemia?
Hyper-acute T-wave (tall T-wave), wide QRS, prolonged PR.
What is the first-line treatment for hyperkalemia with EKG changes?
Calcium gluconate.
What should be administered first for hyperkalemia with severe chest pain, dyspnea, or palpitations?
Calcium gluconate.
What is the initial treatment for hyperkalemia with potassium levels above 7?
Calcium gluconate.
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia below 7 without EKG changes or manifestations?
Insulin and glucose.
How can potassium levels be rapidly decreased?
With insulin and glucose.
What is the only drug that removes potassium from the body?
Kayexalate (resonium).
What is the recommended treatment for hyperkalemia in end-stage renal disease patients?
Dialysis.