Ophthalmology Flashcards
Describe what leucokoria is in pediatric ophthalmology.
Leucokoria is a white pupil, which can indicate conditions like congenital cataract or retinoblastoma.
What is the first step when suspecting retinopathy of prematurity?
The first step is to refer the patient for further evaluation.
Define retinoblastoma and mention its incidence.
Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant intraocular tumor, with a rare incidence.
How is corneal abrasion typically diagnosed and treated?
Corneal abrasion is diagnosed using fluorescein and is treated with pain relief and antibiotics.
What is the initial step in managing a foreign body in the eye?
The first step is excessive irrigation with saline.
Describe the management of penetrating eye injury.
Penetrating eye injuries require urgent referral, X-ray, tetanus vaccine, and antibiotics.
Differentiate between orbital and periorbital cellulitis based on eye movement.
Orbital cellulitis presents with inability to move the eyeball and diplopia, while periorbital cellulitis shows normal eye movements without diplopia.
What are the common features of WAGR syndrome?
WAGR syndrome includes Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary malformation, and retardation.
Yes, WAGR syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that includes the following features:
- Wilms tumor: A type of kidney cancer that primarily affects children.
- Aniridia: Absence of the iris, the colored part of the eye.
- Genitourinary malformations: Abnormalities in the development of the genital and urinary systems.
- Retardation (intellectual disability): Developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
This syndrome is caused by a deletion of genetic material on the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p13).
How is aniridia associated with Wilm’s tumor?
Aniridia is a defect of the iris that should prompt checking for Wilm’s tumor.
Describe the treatment approach for orbital cellulitis.
Orbital cellulitis requires admission and IV cefotaxime and IV flucloxacillin for management.
Orbital Cellulitis
• IV Therapy: • Cefotaxime OR Ceftriaxone • PLUS Flucloxacillin • If MRSA: Vancomycin • Oral Therapy: • Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid • Duration: IV 3-4 days, then oral. Total 10-14 days.
Severe Periorbital Cellulitis
• IV Therapy: • Flucloxacillin OR Ceftriaxone • If MRSA: Clindamycin OR Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole • Switch to Oral: as per mild periorbital cellulitis when improving. • Duration: IV 1-2 days, then oral. Total 7-10 days.
Moderate Periorbital Cellulitis
• IV Therapy: • Flucloxacillin OR Ceftriaxone • If MRSA: Clindamycin OR Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole • Switch to Oral: as per mild periorbital cellulitis when improving. • Duration: IV 1-2 days, then oral. Total 7-10 days.
Mild Periorbital Cellulitis
• Oral Therapy: • Cefalexin OR Cefuroxime • Duration: 7-10 days
Describe the treatment for neonatal conjunctivitis caused by gonococcal infection within 2-5 days of birth.
Treatment involves a single dose of intravenous ceftriaxone.
How is nasolacrimal duct obstruction typically managed in children?
It is managed by massaging the affected area, with the majority of cases healing spontaneously.
Define the most common cause of conjunctivitis in children.
The most common cause is viral infection.
What is the most common virus associated with viral conjunctivitis in children?
Adenovirus is the most common virus.
Describe the clinical presentation of herpes simplex infection in the eye.
It presents with a dendritic ulcer, along with symptoms like pain, photophobia, and excessive tearing.
What is the recommended treatment for herpes simplex eye infection?
Acyclovir is the recommended treatment.
Do you know the characteristic rash pattern in herpes zoster ophthalmicus?
The rash involves the distribution of the trigeminal nerve.
Define the management approach for subconjunctival hemorrhage.
Usually, no specific treatment is required.if doesn’t cross limbus
Cross linbus then ct
How is acute closed-angle glaucoma managed in the emergency room setting?
The first-line treatment is intravenous acetazolamide.
What is the key clinical feature of central retinal vein occlusion?
Sudden unilateral painless loss of vision with funduscopy showing disk swelling and venous dilatation.
How can retinal detachment be recognized clinically?
Symptoms include flashes of light, curtain coming down (sudden onset of shadow or darkness in vision), floaters, and loss of vision.
Describe the clinical presentation of macular degeneration.
Macular degeneration typically presents with slowly progressive bilateral loss of central vision, seeing lines as wavy, and is a leading cause of blindness in the elderly.
