Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AMC MCQ - Key points > Obstetrics 2 > Flashcards

Obstetrics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the competency assessment for individuals seeking abortion in Australia based on age.

A

More than 16 years old: considered competent. Less than 14 years old: deemed immature. 14-16 years old and independent: considered competent. If less than 14 years old: inform parents or guardian. If less than 14 years old and a victim of rape: involve sexual assault authorities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the steps involved in the process of abortion in Australia?

A
  1. Counselling about abortion. 2. Obtain informed consent from the patient or guardian if the patient is immature. 3. Perform the abortion.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do only physicians have the authority to perform abortions in Australia?

A

Yes, only physicians are allowed to perform abortions. If a physician refuses, they must refer the patient to another provider.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are abortions legally allowed to be performed in Australia?

A

Abortions are only legally allowed to be performed in tertiary hospitals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define osteoporosis and list some common causes.

A

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened bones. Common causes include being female (especially white), having a family history of osteoporosis, postmenopausal status, low BMI (less than 19), alcohol consumption, smoking, caffeine intake, cortisone use, lack of exercise, low calcium intake, anorexia nervosa, renal failure, celiac disease, and hyperthyroidism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the classification of bone density based on T scores in osteoporosis.

A

Osteopenia is defined as T scores between -1 and -2.5, while osteoporosis is diagnosed when T scores are less than -2.5.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some common symptoms and manifestations of menopause?

A

Hot flashes, migraine, rapid heartbeat, dysfunctional bleeding (anovulation), urogenital atrophy, itching, dryness, watery discharge, urinary frequency, urinary incontinence, urinary urgency, increased infection risk, back pain, joint pain, muscle pain, osteopenia, and the risk of osteoporosis development over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is osteoporosis diagnosed and what is the investigation of choice?

A

Osteoporosis is diagnosed based on T scores and the presence of minimal trauma fractures. The investigation of choice is a DEXA scan. X-ray is crucial if a fracture is suspected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some preventive measures and treatments for osteoporosis?

A

Preventive measures include calcium and vitamin D supplements. Treatment options include bisphosphonates (except Zoledronic for esophagitis), Raloxifene (for patients with a history of breast cancer), Strontium Ranelate, HRT, and Calcitriol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the immediate benefit of giving Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

A

Decreased flushing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most common cause of dysfunctional bleeding near menopause?

A

Anovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the first step in diagnosing cancer endometrium?

A

Hysteroscopy and biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What should be considered in case of bleeding after sex?

A

Atrophic vaginitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most common cause of postmenopausal bleeding?

A

Atrophic vaginitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why does the risk of infections increase in the elderly?

A

Atrophic vaginitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common cause of infection in this context?

A

Bacterial vaginosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the least symptom to consider normal at menopause?

A

Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an important differential diagnosis to consider in this context?

A

vvvvvvvvvvv imp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the least symptom to improve with Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)?

A

Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the duration limit for Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)?

A

Not more than 5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the mode of administration for Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)?

A

vvvvvvvvvvv imp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the indications for cyclic administration of HRT?

A

Perimenopausal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the indications for continuous administration of HRT?

A

Postmenopausal with unpredictable bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the complications associated with long-term HRT use?

A

Breast Cancer, Endometrial Cancer, Coronary disease, Stroke, PE, DVT especially with estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the contraindications for HRT in the context of estrogen-dependent tumors?

A

Breast, Endometrial tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the best approach for women with a history of DVT regarding estrogen use?

A

Not to give estrogen at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the recommended estrogen administration for women with a history of DVT if necessary?

A

Estrogen patch

28
Q

What is the hormone therapy approach for women with a history of hysterectomy?

A

Estrogen alone without progesterone

29
Q

What is the recommended treatment for women with a history of breast cancer as first and second lines?

A

1st line: Paroxetine, 2nd line: Clonidine

30
Q

What is the best treatment for women complaining of only atrophic vaginitis?

A

Estrogen cream

31
Q

What should be considered for a woman on HRT for 5 years?

A

Trial of stoppage

32
Q

What are the indications for high-dose estrogen use (Microgynon 30-50)?

A

Enzyme inducer drug

33
Q

Where is the main site of action of low-dose progesterone-only pills (POP)?

A

vvvvvvvvvvvvv imp

34
Q

Describe the main site of action of progestin-only pill (normal dose)

A

Acts on the cervix

35
Q

Describe the main site of action of Combined Oral Contraceptive (COC)

A

Acts on the ovary

36
Q

Describe the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis

A

Regulates the female reproductive system

37
Q

Do COCs decrease the risk of dysmenorrhea, functional ovarian cysts, PID, ovarian and endometrial cancer, and benign breast diseases?

A

Yes

38
Q

List the cancers that COCs decrease the risk of

A

Endometrial, ovarian, colon, benign breast disorders

39
Q

List the cancers that COCs increase the risk of

A

Cervical, breast

40
Q

What are the absolute contraindications of COCs?

A

Pregnancy 1-3 weeks, CV and coronary diseases, thromboembolic disorders, focal migraine with aura, liver failure, estrogen-dependent tumors

41
Q

What are the relative contraindications of COCs?

A

Smoking, breastfeeding, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, estrogen-dependent tumors

42
Q

What should be done if a pill is missed in Week 3 of COC cycle?

A

Omit the pill-free interval

43
Q

Explain the 7 Day Rule for missed pills in COC

A

Take the forgotten pill as soon as possible; if >12 hours, use condoms for 7 days; if this extends beyond the last hormone pill, continue without a pill-free interval

44
Q

What are the indications for Progesterone-only Contraceptive Pills?

A

Ages >45, contraindication to estrogen, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, migraine, chloasma, lactation

45
Q

What are the contraindications for Progesterone-only Contraceptive Pills?

A

Pregnancy, abnormal bleeding, ectopic pregnancy, enzyme inducer drugs

46
Q

Describe Depo-Provera

A

Injectable contraception with the least failure rate of 1/1000, delays fertility for 6 months, may cause weight gain

47
Q

Describe Implanon

A

Subdermal implant for 3 years

48
Q

When is Emergency Contraception needed?

A

After condom rupture, unplanned sex, rape, or missed pill in the 1st week

49
Q

How is Emergency Contraception administered using Postinor?

A

Levonorgestrel 750 mcg tablet followed by another tablet after 12 hours; limited to the first 72 hours with a failure rate of 2-3%

50
Q

List the types of IUCD

A

Copper, Mirena

51
Q

What are the absolute contraindications of IUCD?

A

Pregnancy, bleeding disorders, PID, cervical distortion, previous ectopic pregnancy

52
Q

List complications of IUCD

A

Ectopic pregnancy, bleeding, PID, perforation

53
Q

Do

A

What is the first step in evaluating infertility according to the content?

54
Q

Describe

A

How is anovulation diagnosed based on the content?

55
Q

Define

A

What is the main benefit of Jasmin according to the content?

56
Q

How

A

How is tubal ligation typically performed according to the content?

57
Q

Describe the process of IVF for a female near menopause who wants to get pregnant.

A

IVF is used for females near menopause who want to conceive by fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body, then implant the embryo into the uterus.

58
Q

What is the cause of male infertility in cystic fibrosis?

A

The absence of the vas deferens is the cause of male infertility in cystic fibrosis.

59
Q

Define Asherman’s syndrome and its symptoms.

A

Asherman’s syndrome involves adhesions inside the uterus, leading to symptoms like oligo or amenorrhea.

60
Q

Explain the difference in ascites between ovarian cancer and liver cirrhosis.

A

In ovarian cancer, ascites present with central dullness and peripheral resonance, while in liver cirrhosis, ascites show central resonance with peripheral dullness.

61
Q

Describe the characteristics of a dermoid cyst (teratoma).

A

Dermoid cysts are solid and cystic masses containing tissues like skin, hair follicles, sweat glands, teeth, and more. They are commonly found in the ovary.

62
Q

How can premenstrual syndrome be managed effectively?

A

Premenstrual syndrome can be managed by noting symptoms in a diary, practicing relaxation techniques, and if needed, using SSRIs for severe symptoms.

63
Q

What is the recommended approach for dealing with excessive menstrual bleeding?

A

The guidelines suggest checking TSH levels first, followed by transvaginal ultrasound if TSH is normal, and then investigating other systemic causes if needed.

Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP)
https://www1.racgp.org.au › ajgp › august › manageme…
A woman having an ultrasound to investigate the cause of her heavy menstrual bleeding has a pelvic (preferably transvaginal) ultrasound, which assesses ..

64
Q

Explain the source and characteristics of a Krukenburg tumor.

A

A Krukenburg tumor is a metastasis on the ovary originating from gastrointestinal cancers like stomach or colon. It presents as a solid and cystic mass on ultrasound.

Investigation for an ovarian mass includes both transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasound. Simple, anechoic cysts <5 cm in premenopausal women are likely to be benign and do not require further follow-up. The use of the cancer antigen 125 (Ca125) tumour marker can be unreliable in premenopausal women given the low sensitivity for ovarian cancer; however, it is useful in postmenopausal women. Ca125 is used in conjunction with ultrasound findings and is used to determine risk of ovarian cancer through the risk of malignancy index (RMI).

65
Q

How does age impact the most common cause of infertility in females over 40 years old?

A

The age of the female, being over 40 years old, is the most common cause of infertility due to decreased quantity and quality of ova.

66
Q

What are the psychological and physical symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome?

A

Psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome include tension, irritability, tiredness, mood changes, anxiety, while physical symptoms include breast swelling, abdominal bloating, and migraines.

AMC MCQ - Key points (49 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions