Miscellaneous Flashcards
Describe the most common causes of death in different age groups as mentioned in the content.
Less than 1 year: congenital anomalies; 1-14 years: Non-accidental injuries; 14-25 years and 25-44 years: suicide; 44-65 years: Cardiovascular diseases; More than 65 years: Cardiac disorders.
Define the most common cause of death overall according to the content.
Cardiovascular diseases.
How soon will dementia be the leading cause of death in Australia according to the content?
Very soon.
Describe the indications for performing a lumbar puncture as outlined in the content.
Suspected meningitis, suspected intracranial bleeding, to establish diagnosis for conditions like Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and multiple sclerosis.
Do lumbar punctures have any contraindications according to the content? If so, what are they?
Yes, contraindications include signs suggesting raised intracranial pressure and superficial infection at the lumbar puncture site.
Define the most common complication of lumbar puncture as mentioned in the content.
Post-lumbar puncture headache.
Describe the precautions to be taken with lumbar puncture according to the content.
Coagulation factors and platelet levels are crucial to assess.
Do cat bites and cat scratch disease have different causative organisms according to the content? If so, what are they?
Yes, Cat scratch disease is caused by Bartonella henselae, while cat bites are caused by Pasteurella multocida.
How do cat scratch disease and cat bites differ in terms of lymphadenopathy according to the content?
Cat scratch disease presents with lymphadenopathy, while cat bites do not.
Describe the major complications of snake bites as outlined in the content.
Complications include necrosis, severe internal bleeding, kidney failure, respiratory failure, coagulopathy, and neurotoxicity.
Define the best investigation method for snake bites according to the content.
Biopsy from the bite site.
initial blood tests: coagulation screen (INR, APTT, fibrinogen, D-dimer), FBE and film, Creatine Kinase (CK), Electrolytes, Urea and Creatinine (EUC).racgp
How should first aid be administered in snake bites according to the content?
Apply a bandage.
- Pressure Immobilisation Bandage.
-Don’t clean the wound
-Don’t apply PIB if more than 1 hour has passed since bite,
2.IV line
3.Take blood
4.Give antivenom (Monovalent of most common snakes in area
preferred)
- Admit all cases for at least 12 hours
- Remove PIB when pt is stable
Describe the treatment for snake bites as mentioned in the content.
Antivenom should only be administered if symptoms appear, as there is a risk of severe anaphylaxis and death.
Do Staphylococcus species cause food toxicity according to the content? If so, what are the common symptoms?
Yes, Staphylococcus can cause abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting within 6 hours after a meal.
Describe the management of human bites.
- Clean and debride the wound
- Give prophylactic penicillin and tetanus toxoid
- Provide hepatitis B and HIV infection prophylaxis
- Avoid suturing
- If infection occurs, take a swab and administer metronidazole and cefotaxime.
Define malignant hyperthermia and its treatment options.
Malignant hyperthermia is a condition triggered by inhalational anesthetic agents and succinylcholine, leading to symptoms like tachycardia, rigidity, fever, rhabdomyolysis, and DIC. Treatment involves Dantrolene and supportive care.
How is pituitary apoplexy characterized and managed?
Pituitary apoplexy presents with sudden onset headache, nausea, vomiting, diplopia, and visual blurring HYPOTENSION. Diagnosis involves CT or MRI, with transsphenoidal surgical decompression as the treatment of choice.
Describe the characteristics and treatment of subphrenic abscess.
Subphrenic abscess involves fluid accumulation between the diaphragm, liver, and spleen, often post-surgical operations like splenectomy. Symptoms include cough, dyspnea, absent breath sounds, and dullness in percussion. Diagnosis is by CT scan, and treatment involves drainage.
What are the types of jellyfish stings and their first aid measures?
Types include Blue bottle and major box. For Blue bottle stings, wash the site, remove tentacles, and use hot water immersion. For major box stings, apply vinegar, remove tentacles, and consider hospital transfer for analgesia and antivenom if needed.
Describe the clinical presentation and management of epigastric hernia in children.
Epigastric hernia in kids presents as swelling above the umbilicus and typically resolves spontaneously. No specific treatment is usually required.
Define prolactinoma, its types, clinical presentations in males and females, and initial investigations.
Prolactinoma is a pituitary tumor categorized as microprolactinoma (<10 mm) or macroprolactinoma (>10 mm). Females may present with infertility, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, and galactorrhea, while males may have decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, infertility, and gynecomastia. Initial investigations include prolactin levels and MRI imaging.
How is prolactinoma typically managed, and what are the first-line treatment options?
Prolactinoma is primarily managed medically regardless of tumor size. Dopamine agonists like bromocriptine or cabergoline are the first-line treatments. Surgery, specifically trans-sphenoidal approach, is considered when medical management fails.
Describe the management of acute adenitis in children.
Management involves oral antibiotics for 10 days with a review in 48 hours. Flucloxacillin is commonly used.
What is Bell’s palsy characterized by?
It presents as acute unilateral lower motor neuron facial nerve weakness.
Describe Hirschsprung disease.
It is characterized by the absence of ganglia in the distal colon, leading to functional obstruction.
What are the symptoms of mesenteric adenitis?
Symptoms include mild abdominal pain, mild diarrhea, and high fever.
