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AMC MCQ - Key points > Biostate -Brief > Flashcards

Biostate -Brief Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the use of Chi square test in data analysis.

A

Chi square test is used in Cross-sectional studies for data analysis.

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2
Q

Do you use Relative Risk or Attributable Risk in Cohort studies for data analysis?

A

Relative Risk is used in Cohort studies for data analysis.

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3
Q

Define Case Fatality Rate and how to calculate it.

A

Case Fatality Rate is the number of deaths from a specific cause divided by the total number of cases with the same disease. It is calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the total number of cases.

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4
Q

How can you calculate the percentage reduction in stroke incidence with a new medicine for smokers?

A

To calculate the percentage reduction in stroke incidence with a new medicine for smokers, you multiply the initial risk by the reduction factor and then subtract the reduced risk from the initial risk.

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5
Q

What is the formula to calculate Attributable Risk in a study comparing the risk in an exposed group to an unexposed group?

A

Attributable Risk = Risk in exposed group - Risk in unexposed group.

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6
Q

Describe the most suitable method to study the relationship between fatigue in truck drivers and the incidence of motor vehicle accidents.

A

The most suitable method to study the relationship between fatigue in truck drivers and the incidence of motor vehicle accidents is a retrospective case-control study.

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7
Q

Do you use a Cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of a disease in a population?

A

Yes, a Cross-sectional study is used to determine the prevalence of a disease in a population.

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8
Q

Define the best study design to investigate the relationship between smoking and myocardial infarction.

A

The best study design to investigate the relationship between smoking and myocardial infarction is a Cohort study.

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9
Q

Describe the difference between a case control study and a cohort study.

A

In a case control study, individuals with the disease are compared to those without the disease retrospectively. In a cohort study, a group of individuals is followed over time to observe outcomes.

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10
Q

How is the positive predictive value (PPV) calculated in a 2x2 table for a diagnostic test?

A

PPV = True Positives / (True Positives + False Positives)

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11
Q

Define sensitivity and specificity in the context of screening tests.

A

Sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease, while specificity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease.

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12
Q

What is the most appropriate study design to investigate the effect of environmental exposure to pesticides on the incidence of cancer?

A

Cohort study

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13
Q

Do you want to find out the efficacy of a vaccine on a group of people, what type of study would you conduct?

A

Randomised controlled trial

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14
Q

How would you calculate the prevalence of Hepatitis B in a community in the year 2010 per 1000 population?

A

(Antibody +ve cases + Antigen +ve cases) / Total population * 1000 = Prevalence per 1000 population

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15
Q

What is the most important factor to consider when launching a new screening test?

A

High sensitivity

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16
Q

Describe the difference between sensitivity and specificity in the context of screening tests.

A

Sensitivity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease, while specificity is the ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease.

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17
Q

What type of study is most suitable to investigate the relationship between fatigue in track car drivers and the incidence of motor vehicle accidents?

A

Cohort study

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18
Q

Define a case control study.

A

A case control study involves selecting individuals with the disease and a control group without the disease, then looking back retrospectively to compare exposures or risk factors.

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19
Q

Do

A

Calculate the relative risk of death with the new treatment given the incidence rates.

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20
Q

Describe

A

The scenario where there is an increase in people taking a screening test but no increase in the number of diagnosed cases.

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21
Q

Define

A

The significance of a P value <0.03 at the end of a drug trial.

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22
Q

How

A

Does the discovery of a new drug affecting disease progression but not mortality impact prevalence?

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23
Q

Describe how to choose a sample for a research study on obesity in the community.

A

Choose a sample randomly from the general population.

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24
Q

Define the hierarchy of evidence from least explained to most explained.

A

Case report, Case control, Cohort, Systematic review, Randomized control

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25
Q

How can a 15-year-old boy participate in a research study if his parents do not agree?

A

He cannot participate without parental consent as he is a minor living with his parents.

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26
Q

What is necessary in obtaining informed consent for a research study?

A

A description of the purpose of the research.

27
Q

Do you need informed consent to conduct a research study involving a minor?

A

Yes, parental consent is required for minors to participate in research studies.

28
Q

Describe the advantage of a randomized controlled trial.

A

It will remove observer bias.

29
Q

How can a doctor in a rural area determine the incidence of hepatitis C in the community?

A

Identify all patients with current hepatitis C PCR positive.

30
Q

What is the best study design to determine the outcome of babies born to diabetic mothers compared to non-diabetic mothers?

A

Case control study.

31
Q

How should a doctor in a hospital research the incidence of diabetes in the practice?

A

Cross-sectional study is the best study design.

32
Q

What study design is most appropriate to investigate the association between hypertension and myocardial infarction?

A

Cohort study.

33
Q

What is the process of submitting a research protocol to an ethical committee for approval?

A

Submit the paper or protocol detailing the research study and its procedures for review and approval.

34
Q

How should a doctor obtain information to research the incidence of hepatitis C in a community with a population of around 3000?

A

Identify all patients with current hepatitis C PCR positive.

35
Q

What should be included in a research protocol submitted to an ethical committee for approval?

A

A detailed description of the research study and its procedures.

36
Q

What is the most appropriate study design to compare the outcome of babies born to diabetic and non-diabetic mothers?

A

Case control study.

37
Q

How should a doctor choose a sample for a research study on obesity in the community?

A

Choose a sample randomly from the general population.

38
Q

Describe the importance of equivalent group sizes in control and treatment groups in a clinical trial.

A

Ensuring equivalent group sizes helps in comparing the effects of the treatment accurately.

39
Q

Do chance differences occur in properly randomized clinical trials?

A

Yes, chance differences are inevitable even with proper randomization.

40
Q

Define the impact of inadequate sample size on clinical trial results.

A

Inadequate sample size can lead to both false positives and false negatives.

41
Q

How does the withdrawal of patients by the investigator affect bias in a clinical trial?

A

Withdrawal of patients by the investigator does not introduce bias.

42
Q

Describe the concept of a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.

A

In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, neither the patient nor the clinician knows who is receiving the treatment or the placebo.

43
Q

Define the concept of attributing lung cancer to smoking based on incidence rates.

A

The extent to which lung cancer can be attributed to smoking is high when the incidence rate among smokers is significantly higher than among non-smokers.

44
Q

Do screening programs aim to lower the death rate from a disease?

A

Yes, making screening programs more available to the public can help lower the death rate from the disease.

45
Q

How is the range of 95% of the population’s blood pressure calculated based on mean and standard deviation?

A

The range is calculated as mean +/- 2 standard deviations, encompassing about 95% of the population.

46
Q

Describe the criteria for prescribing a new antidepressant suggested by a pharmaceutical company.

A

The criteria include obtaining approval from the ethics committee.

47
Q

What is the most appropriate study design to investigate the association between hypertension and myocardial infarction?

A

A cohort study is the most appropriate design for studying the association between hypertension and myocardial infarction.

48
Q

How can the effectiveness of congestive heart failure treatment be least reliably studied?

A

The least reliable method would be a case series study.

49
Q

What is the least reliable method of study for investigating patients with cholangitis?

A

A case series study is the least reliable method for studying patients with cholangitis.

50
Q

Describe the different types of study designs mentioned in the content.

A

The content mentions randomized controlled trial (RCT), cohort study, case-control study, case study, and systematic review.

51
Q

Do you know the suitable method for studying the relation between fatigue in truck drivers and the incidence of motor vehicle accidents according to the content?

A

The most suitable method mentioned is a cohort study.

52
Q

Define positive predictive value and how to calculate it based on the content.

A

Positive predictive value is the likelihood that a positive test result indicates the presence of the disease. It is calculated as TP/(TP+FP), where TP is true positive and FP is false positive.

53
Q

How can the range of blood pressure for 95% of the population be determined based on the given mean and standard deviation?

A

The range would be from 85 to 145, calculated as mean ± (1.96 * SD).

54
Q

Describe the information generated from a post-marketing drug surveillance study as per the content.

A

The information generated is primarily related to the adverse events profile of the new therapy.

55
Q

Do you know what a study proves about a new surgical method if it reduces the risk of stroke from 5% to 4% with statistical significance (p<0.05)?

A

The study proves the efficacy of the new surgical method.

56
Q

Define case fatality rate and calculate it based on the given data.

A

Case fatality rate is the ratio of deaths caused by a disease to the diagnosed cases of that disease. In this case, it is 10% (50 deaths out of 500 diagnosed cases).

57
Q

How can the attributable risk for females to get upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) due to factory smoke exposure be calculated based on the provided data?

A

The attributable risk can be calculated as the difference in the incidence of URTI between females exposed to factory smoke and females not exposed to factory smoke.

58
Q

Describe the significance of the P value set by the ethical committee and the claimed efficacy of the new anti-cancer drug in the content.

A

The P value set at ≤ 0.02 indicates the threshold for the drug to be considered superior, and a P value of 0 at the end of the trial suggests the claimed efficacy of the new drug being superior to others.

59
Q

Describe the significance of changing the standard P value from 0.05 to 0.02 in a study.

A

Changing the standard P value affects the interpretation of statistical significance in a study, with a lower P value indicating stronger evidence against the null hypothesis.

60
Q

Do you reject the null hypothesis if the trial’s final P value is 0.04 and the acceptable P value is 0.02?

A

No, the drug is not considered superior to other drugs in this case.

61
Q

Define the purpose of a cross-sectional study in epidemiology.

A

A cross-sectional study is used to determine the prevalence of a condition or characteristic in a population at a specific point in time.

62
Q

How would you assess the benefit of a lecture given to the public?

A

One way is to conduct a randomized group study in the general population to evaluate the effectiveness of the education provided.

63
Q

What is the percentage of the stroke population that will get a stroke after the introduction of a medicine reducing the chances by 1/3 in smokers?

A

6% will still get a stroke.

64
Q

Which study design is most appropriate to investigate the effect of environmental exposure to pesticides on cancer incidence?

A

A cohort study would be the most appropriate design for this investigation.

AMC MCQ - Key points (49 decks)

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