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Science Test Flashcards

1
Q

Which is a way scientists have been able to study Earth’s interior?

A

measuring earthquake waves as they travel through Earth’s surface

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2
Q

The brittle, rocky/solid outer layer of Earth is called the:

A

Crust

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3
Q

What causes an earthquake to happen?

A

Rocks along an underground fault move suddenly and release energy.

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4
Q

Fossil fuels like coal and petroleum are evidence of Earth’s history are things we can obtain from:

A

Sedimentary Rock

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5
Q

Where do earthquaks most frequently occur?

A

Plate boundaries.

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6
Q

Sedimentary rocks are lithified (formed into solid rock) by which of the following processes?

A

Cementation

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7
Q

Most earthquakes occur around the:

A

Pacific Ocean

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8
Q

Which of the earth’s layers is a hot, convecting (circulating) layer of rock?

A

Mantle

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9
Q

The very smallest sedimentary clasts can form:

A

Shale

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10
Q

Another word for weathered rock particles or small grains of rock that have broken off of larger rock is:

A

Clasts

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11
Q

The point below the Earth’s surface where the fault slips and the energy release of an earthquake occurs is the ______.

A

Focus

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12
Q

What happens to the temperature and pressure as you go down into the earth?

A

They both increase

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13
Q

Sedimentary rocks that are made up of visible fairly large rounded clasts is known as:

A

Conglomerate

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14
Q

The most destructive seismic waves are ________.

A

Surface Waves

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15
Q

What is the theory of continental drift?

A

The continents move slowly over Earth’s surface.

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16
Q

What does the continents move slowly over Earth’s surface mean?

A

Breccia

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17
Q

How does distance from the epicenter of an earthquake change the earthquake’s effects?

A

The strongest effects are at the epicenter.

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18
Q

Why do continents move?

A

because of the centrifugal force from Earth’s rotation

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19
Q

The majority of the rocks on earth’s dry surface are:

A

Sedimentary Rock

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20
Q

The first seismic waves to arrive at a seismic station (location of seismograph) are:

A

P-waves

21
Q

Where do ocean crust form?

A

Mid-Ocean Ridges

22
Q

Rock formation in Geology is known as:

A

Lithification

23
Q

In order to accurately locate an earthquake epicenter, seismologists will need at least three _____________________.

A

Seismographs

24
Q

Most divergent plate boundaries lie under the world’s oceans. Which occurs at divergent boundaries?

A

Formation of new crust

25
Q

Rocks that formed in a solution from ion molecules or atoms in that solution are known as:

A

non-clastic sedimentary rocks

26
Q

What is the P-waves strength
What is the S-waves strength
What is the Surface strength

A

Weakest
Intermediate
Strength

27
Q

Common minerals found in granite (a metamorphic) rocks include:

A

Mica
Feldspar
Quartz

28
Q

The return of rock to its original shape after deformation is called:

A

Elastic Rebound

29
Q

Two arrows pointing the same way?

A

Convergent Boundary

30
Q

What is a transform boundary?

A

Arrows sliding passed each other

31
Q

What is a convergent boundary?

A

Arrows going towards each other

32
Q

What is a divergent boundary?

A

Arrows pointing away from each other

33
Q

Stress within Earth causes ________________, which is the process by which rock changes shape.

A

Deformation

34
Q

A steplike linear landform caused by a geologically recent slip on the fault:

A

Fault Scarp

35
Q

What is a seismograph?

A

An intsrument that records the movement of Earthquakes

36
Q

What is a seismogram?

A

A record of the seismograph

37
Q

What is a fault?

A

Split in the surface of Earth that is a crack between two blocks of rocks

38
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Visible cracks or ruptures

39
Q

What does the theory of plate tectonics provide?

A

an explanation for the occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

40
Q

What happens as the seafloor spreads apart?

A

The newer oceanic crust is pushed under the mid-ocean ridge.

41
Q

shearing stress can create this fault
tension stress can create this fault where one side falls due to gravity
compression stress can create this fault where one side is pushed up against gravity

A

strike-slip fault
normal-fault
reverse fault

42
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of:

A

bits and pieces of broken rock

43
Q

Quartz is the predominant mineral in this sedimentary rock that also forms the tough, weather-resistant cap on Lookout Mountain. It is composed of tiny rounded pieces of quartz that have been cemented together and often forms underneath lakes, rivers, or on the ocean floor.

A

Sandstone

44
Q

Which process of sedimentary rock formation involves the movement of sediments from one place to another often by the combined action of water and gravity?

A

Erosion

45
Q

A chemical sedimentary rock precipitates out of a solution from animals and plants. This is known as:

A

Organic Process

46
Q

The most abundant type of sedimentary rock on Earth’s surface is:

A

Limestone

47
Q

If you add enough pressure to a rock you can:

A

flatten its mineral crystals

48
Q

Pressure can realign mineral crystals within a rock to form this visible result of contact metamorphism:

A

banding and foliation

49
Q

What is the rock cycle?

A
  1. Magma
  2. Crystallization
  3. Igneous rock
  4. Erosion
  5. Sedimentation
  6. Sedimentary rock
  7. Tectonic burial
  8. Metamorphic rock
  9. Melting of rock
    and minerals

School Study Stuff (32 decks)

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